Turkey (Meleagris gallapavo) History

The turkey (Meleagris gallapavo) was inarguably domesticated in the North American continent, but its specific origins are somewhat problematic. Archaeological specimens of wild turkey have been found in North America that date to the Pleistocene, and turkeys were emblematic of many indigenous groups in North America as seen at sites such as the Mississippian capital of Etowah (Itaba) in Georgia. But the earliest signs of domesticated turkeys found to date appear in Maya sites such as Cobà ¡ beginning about 100 BCE–100 CE. All modern turkeys are descended from M. gallapavo, the wild turkey having been exported from the Americas to Europe during the 16th century. Turkey Species The wild turkey (M. gallopavo) is indigenous to much of the eastern and southwestern US, northern Mexico, and southeastern Canada. Six subspecies are recognized by biologists: eastern (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris), Florida (M. g. osceola), Rio Grande (M.g. intermedia), Merriams (M.g. merriami), Goulds (M.g. mexicana), and southern Mexican (M.g. gallopavo). The differences among them are primarily the habitat in which the turkey is found, but there are minor differences in body size and plumage coloration. Oscellated Turkey (Agriocharis ocellata or Meleagris ocellata). Corbis Documentary / Getty Images The ocellated turkey (Agriocharis ocellata or Meleagris ocellata) is considerably different in size and coloration and thought by some researchers to be a completely separate species. The ocellated turkey has iridescent bronze, green, and blue body feathers, deep red legs, and bright blue heads and necks covered with large orange and red nodules. It is native to the Yucatà ¡n peninsula of Mexico and into northern Belize and Guatemala—in a completely different range than wild turkeys—and is today often found wandering in Maya ruins such as Tikal. The ocellated turkey is more resistant to domestication but was among the turkeys kept in pens by the Aztecs as described by the Spanish. Before the Spanish arrived, both wild and ocellated turkeys were brought into co-existence in the Maya region by the extensive trade network.   Turkeys were used by precolumbian North American societies for a number of things: meat and eggs for food, and feathers for decorative objects and clothing. The hollow long bones of turkeys were also adapted for use as musical instruments and bone tools. Hunting wild turkeys could furnish these things as well as domesticated ones, and scholars are attempting to pinpoint the domestication period as when the nice to have became need to have. Turkey Domestication At the time of the Spanish colonization, there were domesticated turkeys both in Mexico among the Aztecs, and in the Ancestral Pueblo Societies (Anasazi) of the southwestern United States. Evidence suggests that the turkeys from the U.S. southwest were imported from Mexico about 300 CE, and perhaps re-domesticated in the southwest about 1100 CE when turkey husbandry intensified. Wild turkeys were found by the European colonists throughout the eastern woodlands. Variations in coloration were noted in the 16th century, and many turkeys were brought back to Europe for their plumage and meat. Archaeological evidence for turkey domestication accepted by scholars includes the presence of turkeys outside of their original habitats, evidence for the construction of pens, and whole turkey burials. Studies of the bones of turkeys found in archaeological sites can also provide evidence. The demography of a turkey bone assemblage, whether the bones include old, juvenile, male, and female turkeys and in what proportion, is key to understanding what a turkey flock might have looked like. Turkey bones with healed long bone fractures and the presence of quantities of eggshell also indicate that turkeys were kept at a site, rather than hunted and consumed. Chemical analyses have been added to the traditional methods of study: stable isotope analysis of both turkey and human bones from a site can assist in identifying the diets of both. Patterned calcium absorption in eggshell has been used to identify when the broken shell came from hatched birds or from raw egg consumption. Turkey Pens: What Does Domestication Mean? Pens to keep turkeys have been identified at Ancestral Pueblo Society Basketmaker sites in Utah, such as Cedar Mesa, an archaeological site which was occupied between 100 BCE and 200 CE (Cooper and colleagues 2016). Such evidence has been used in the past to implicate the domestication of the animals—certainly, such evidence has been used to identify larger mammals such as horses and reindeer. Turkey coprolites indicate that the turkeys at Cedar Mesa were fed maize, but there are few if any cut marks on turkey skeletal material and turkey bones are often found as complete animals. A recent study (Lipe and colleagues 2016) looked at multiple strands of evidence for tending, care, and diet of birds in the US southwest. Their evidence suggests that although a mutual relationship was begun as early as Basketmaker II (about 1 CE), the birds were likely used solely for feathers and not fully domesticated. It wasnt until the Pueblo II period (ca. 1050–1280 CE) that turkeys became an important food source. Trade These ocellated turkeys (Agriocharis ocellata) dont seem very interested in the Maya ruins at Tikal, Guatemala. Christian Kober / robertharding / Getty Images A possible explanation for the presence of turkeys in Basketmaker sites is the long-distance trade system, that captive turkeys were kept within their original habitats in Mesoamerican communities for feathers and may have been traded up into the United States southwest and Mexican northwest, as has been identified for macaws, albeit much later. It is also possible that the Basketmakers decided to keep wild turkeys for their feathers independent of whatever was going on in Mesoamerica. As with many other animal and plant species, domesticating the turkey was a long, drawn-out process, beginning very gradually. Full domestication might have been completed in the US southwest/Mexican northwest only after turkeys became a food source, rather than simply a feather source. Sources Cooper, C., et al. Short-Term Variability of Human Diet at Basketmaker Ii Turkey Pen Ruins, Utah: Insights from Bulk and Single Amino Acid Isotope Analysis of Ha. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 5 (2016): 10-18. Print.Lipe, William D., et al. Cultural and Genetic Contexts for Early Turkey Domestication in the Northern Southwest. American Antiquity 81.1 (2016): 97-113. Print.Sharpe, Ashley E., et al. Earliest Isotopic Evidence in the Maya Region for Animal Management and Long-Distance Trade at the Site of Ceibal, Guatemala. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115.14 (2018): 3605-10. Print.Speller, Camilla F., et al. Ancient Mitochondrial DNA Analysis Reveals Complexity of Indigenous North American Turkey Domestication. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107.7 (2010): 2807-12. Print.Thornton, Erin, Kitty F. Emery, and Camilla Speller. Ancient Maya Turkey Husbandry: Testing Theories through Stable Isotope Analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science: R eports 10 (2016): 584-95. Print.Thornton, Erin Kennedy. Introduction to the Special Issue - Turkey Husbandry and Domestication: Recent Scientific Advances. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 10 (2016): 514-19. Print.Thornton, Erin Kennedy, and Kitty F. Emery. The Uncertain Origins of Mesoamerican Turkey Domestication. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 24.2 (2015): 328-51. Print.

Appointment as CEO of the New West Oil Rig Example

Essays on Appointment as CEO of the New West Oil Rig Personal Statement ï » ¿ Appointment as CEO of the New West Oil Rig Introduction We take this opportunity to congratulate you on your recent appointment as CEO of the New West Oil Rig of the famous international Reddick Oil Company. We consider it an honor and privilege to offer our unique brand of catering services for the staff of your new Oil Rig. Statement of Need Do you dream of finding a reliable, hassle-free catering service provided by a reputed catering company that combines the supply of nutritious, safe, wholesome food with capable service backed by reasonable price menus? Description of Project We at Aspen Catering can make your dream come true. Committed to personalized service, high food quality and timely, efficient service, we can provide everything your corporate catering need at competitive pricing. For us, each day and each event is different, a new experience and challenge with a new group of people. Aspen Catering is listed among the certified custom caterers and full event planners in the Dallas Fort Worth, Texas surrounding areas, licensed to insure that food sanitation requirements are met and that the food we distribute to the public is safely prepared, handled, protected and preserved. We are located in Irving/Las Colinas and have been serving the DFW Metroplex since 1997. We are considered our area’s premiere caterer, a leading provider of exceptional food, cutting edge culinary activity and outstanding presentation. We offer New American cuisine with a twist: inventive interpretations and modern creations. Nothing speaks to the success of a company like satisfied customers, and Aspen Catering is honored to have an outstanding client list that includes high profile construction companies, oil companies, the American Red Cross and Wolf Trap Foundation. We would like to add the project of catering of your Oil Rig staff as one of our latest endeavors. Materials/Equipment/Personnel Our menus show a balance in material, color, texture, shape, sizes, flavor, cooking method and cost. All menu items are prepared from the freshest ingredients, which are procured from Specialty food growers and purveyors from around the country. These menus include nutritious food from the main food groups like meat, poultry, vegetables, bread, cereal, rice, milk and yogurt. Attuned to the constantly evolving tastes and trends in food and presentation, our Chefs regularly update Aspen offerings to appeal to our clients. Our food selection items complement each other. As with any food industry business, efficiency in catering service is important. We have qualified, trained and experienced personnel to deliver food to your site, serve and take away used containers and material. We also constantly expect the unexpected, and we have good crisis-management and problem-solving skilled staff who are ready to solve problems quickly and inventively. The experience of our service staff stems from years of successful catering experience to different types of customers. Permit me to provide a few details of what our daily menu would look like. Breakfast Uniformly priced at $ 5.50 each, we offer Breakfast Boxes such as: Bagel Cream Cheese Breakfast Box (Wheat, white or cinnamon raisin bagel with your choice garden veggie, plain or strawberry cream cheese). Danish Breakfast Box (Apple, raspberry or cheese lattice topped Danish). Croissant Breakfast Box (Golden, flaky and buttery croissant served with butter and jelly). Sticky Bun Breakfast Box (Soft, tender cinnamon rolls smothered with buttery brown sugar and sprinkled with plenty of nuts – served with butter). Apart from these Breakfast Boxes, we also have the famous Deli Sandwich, priced at $ 6.50 trayed and $ 7.50 boxed (Assorted sandwiches – ham, turkey, roast beef with American, Swiss and cheddar cheeses along with our homemade tuna and chicken salad, lettuce and tomato on freshly baked wheat and white breads). Lunch/Dinner: Beef Hot Meals Meatloaf Mashed Potatoes $ 8.50 (Homemade meatloaf with fluffy mashed potatoes, Chef’s choice of veggies, garden salad and dinner rolls with butter). New England Pot Roast $ 10.00 (Tender beef roast, slowly cooked with new potatoes and baby carrots, serviced with garden salad and dinner rolls). Beef Pepper Steak Rice $ 11.50 (Oriental style beef with peppers served with steamed rice, Chinese veggies, garden salad and dinner rolls with butter). Sirloin Beef Tips Rice $ 13.00 (Tender sirloin beef tips in mushroomy gravy, served over steamed rice, Chef’s veggies, garden salad and dinner rolls with butter). Lunch/Dinner: Chicken Hot Meals Rosemary Roasted Chicken $ 9.00 (Marinated chicken breast oven roasted with a hint of rosemary, served with wild rice, Chef’s choice of veggies, garden salad and dinner rolls with butter). Rotisserie Chicken $ 10.00 (Marinated chicken breast served with parsley buttered new potatoes, Chef’s choice of veggies, garden salad and dinner rolls with butter). Parmesan Crusted Chicken $ 12.00 (Tender chicken breast breaded with parmesan cheese, garlic bread crumbs, then baked to perfection and served with rotini Alfredo, garden salad and Chef’s choice of veggies). Chicken Fried Steak $ 13.00 (Half pound Southern chicken fresh steak, mashed potatoes, country gravy, veggie medley, garden salad and dinner rolls with butter). Prices, Terms and Conditions: Our menu prices are reasonable and comparable with caterers who operate on the same level as us. We can however point to the following features that makes choosing Aspen Catering a better proposition: Contract terms. Unlike most caterers, our contract terms are short, simple and very easy to understand. Deposit required at the time of contract signing. Most caterers require deposits of 25, 30 or 50% of cost when the contract is signed. Aspen Catering requires just 10%. Aspen Catering offers a 10% discount for full payment of contract value. Very few caterers do this. Aspen Catering does not specify minimum duration of contract. Most caterers settle for nothing less than 1 year contract duration. Aspen Catering menus are flexible. We let the customer change menus if so required, choosing instead other similarly priced menus from our vast list. Summary We have provided just a few menus of what we can provide. We request you to kindly visit our office and kitchen to have a better idea of how we operate, the wide array of menus we offer and the services that accompany them. Our office is located at 400 E. Royal, Ste 104, Irving, TX 75039 (telephone 972 401 4777, fax 972 401 4776, email: orders@aspencatering.com, website: aspencatering.com). We reassure you that there is no need for expensive planners and coordinators when you can use Aspen Catering services! Our motto is best illustrated in John Ruskin’s immortal words: â€Å"We were not sent into this world to do anything which we cannot put our heart.† One call does it all! We look forward to serving you soon. Best regards, References used: Catering Business http://www.aspencatering.com Catering by Windows Inc. http://www.catering.com

Nursing Mental Health for Trauma- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discus about theNursing Mental Health for Trauma. Answer: Introduction Trauma has long lasting impact on the physical and the mental health of an individual. Trauma is recognised to be the major public concern in the area of mental health services. Therefore, strategies to address the clients history of trauma are increasingly drawing attention of the care providers and the care policymakers in different parts of the world (American Psychiatric Association, 2015). People with traumatic experiences can be benefitted if provided with emerging best practices in the traumatic informed care (Muskett, 2014). These practices involve both the clinical and the organisational changes that have the potential to improve the health outcome of the patient, patient engagement, and decrease unnecessary utilization of the health care resources (Wall, Higgins, Hunter, 2016). The paper deals with the case study of Amir Daud who has traumatic background experiences can and is experiencing anxiety disorder. In response to the case study, the paper discusses trauma informed care as a therapeutic approach from the nursing perspective. The response to the case study includes the prevalence of a history of trauma in mental health presentations and the neurobiology of trauma. The paper further provides the critique of the evidence base for trauma-informed care. The paper highlights how a trauma informed model of care would be implemented for Amir. Prevalence of the History of Trauma in Mental Health Presentations Mental health settings in any country are reported to have extreme prevalence of trauma cases. In Australia, two third of people visiting the inpatient and the outpatient mental health services have traumatic childhood (Slewa-Younan et al., 2014). They have experienced physical or sexual abuse in childhood. Other than that the major cases of complex trauma were found to be an outcome of neglect, emotional abuse, family violence, separation and loss, substance abuse, war, and refugee trauma (ODonnell et al., 2016). In Australia, five million adult people have experienced traumatic childhood. Most of the patients have multiple experiences with trauma. The indigenous population (both adults and children) in Australia are highly represented in the mental health services with experiences of trauma (Kraan et al., 2015). Trauma is recognised to be major public health concern. In a study examining, the charts of the psychiatric outpatients 50% of the cases were positive for the history of tr auma (Fulbrook Lawrence, 2015). In US, 90% of the clients in public mental health services have been exposed to trauma (Sise et al., 2014). The impetus for development of a trauma-informed care perspective in the development of the social service and the mental health service delivery originated from the growing recognition the wide prevalence of early traumatic events and their health consequences. Critique of the Evidence Base for Trauma-Informed Care Riebschleger et al. (2015) criticised that the clients traumatic history is rarely explored by the mental health practioner irrespective of the event that caused the trauma of the individual. In mental health setting, most patients are not screened or assessed or treated for their traumatic experience, which, may lead to adverse outcomes. Therefore, trauma informed care is important in addressing the impact caused by the trauma. According to Muskett, (2014) the trauma informed care refers to recognition of the prevalence of the trauma, its assessment and treatment, followed by laying focus on what has happened to the client and what is wrong with him or her. Trauma informed care is informed by current research. This type of care recognises that coercive environment cause re-traumatisation of the patient. This care it is considered as framework for human service delivery, since it is based on awareness and understanding of how trauma has influenced an individuals life and service needs. The core principles of the trauma informed care are-patient empowerment, collaboration, choice, safety, trustworthiness, cultural, historical and gender issues (Wall, Higgins Hunter, 2016). Huckshorn LeBel (2013) argued that Trauma informed care is an effective framework, which keeps the patient at the centre of his or her treatment. In this model or framework individual and the family are empowered. The service is delivered with the goal of wellness and self-management. Trauma informed care is transparent and open to outside parties and minimises the power control. The staffs in the trauma informed care is trained and understand the function of behaviour. This framework is highly preferred because it focuses on collaboration as per Knight (2015). In this form of care, the care providers do not engage in interactions that are disrespectful, demeaning, coercive, dominating, or controlling. Instead, the staffs respond to the disruptive behaviours through active listening skills, empathy, and by developing questions that help the patients to find solution to their crisis. In short, the trauma informed approaches could be described as strength-based framework, which is responsive to the effects of trauma (Coughlin, 2014). In conclusion, trauma informed care is the best therapeutic approach for patients with traumatic history. The effectiveness of this approach has been published in various studies. Trauma Informed Model of Care for Amir In the given case study, Amir has elements to his history that suggests distinct vulnerabilities and needs specific to his experience as a member of immigrant and refugee population in Australia. This section demonstrates as to how trauma informed model of care will be implemented to this case. Screening Trauma History Amir Daud is a 28-year-old refugee from Afghanistan. He is receiving supported accommodation with other refugees in Australia and have been referred to nurse for trauma counselling. Upon interaction with the client it was found that he has pleasant and cooperative behaviour but somewhat reserved in the general demeanour. This behaviour may be considered as strength that will help in building positive relationship with the client (Raja et al., 2014). He speaks Persian language and the lack of fluency in the host language is terrifying for him and adds to his frustration (Valibhoy et al., 2017). .Being a new comer in Australia, he has no awareness of the cultural and diversity in this new place. This has led to poor social connectedness. His childhood history shows a long experience of discrimination and persecution. He has also witnessed the murder of his family member. In the adult stage he has struggled fighting from Afghanistan. Further, discussion revealed that his years of detention were full of anxiety and uncertainty. He has witnessed self harm by his fellow detainees. It was found that he has no emotional support from his family who is still in Afghanistan and is facing persecution. This data indicates that Amir has limited control on his life and his confinement (Huckshorn, LeBel, 2013). He has a good physical health and poor mental health, which may lead to adverse health outcomes if unaddressed. He is suffering from poor concentration due to which he is unable to seek employment and he feels hopeless about his condition. It is indicative of lack of resources to pay for the services. He is demotivated about reunion with his family. His mind flashes back the negative experiences and keep generating negative intrusive thoughts, which are resulting in sleeplessness. It is indicative of anxiety disorder as per Tay et al. (2016). Delivery of Care During the delivery of the care, the nurse will use the strength of the client to empower him in the development of his treatment. It is needed because at present he might be feeling vulnerable due to history of violence and fear of further harm. Patient empowerment will help in building trust and ensure positive interaction with nurse (Brnhielm e al., 2014).The client is stressed with the socio-economic strain, loss of status, family separation and therefore needs empowerment. Therefore, the nurse will provide interventions that support the existing strengths. The nurse will incorporate traditional support mechanism and foster social agency. In order to empower client messages that focus on resilience and wellness will be delivered regularly to facilitate positive adaptation (Allan, 2015). The patients safety will be ensured by eliminating the barriers that may cause the underutilisation of the services. The cultural and the linguistic barriers will be addressed by recruiting the medical interpreters, cultural brokers and by assigning care assistant who is more culturally competent. It will prevent the language barriers and the possibility of the negative interaction (Raja et al., 2014). It is evident that the Amir being a newcomer do not understand the purpose of the programs and the laws and regulations governing them. Therefore, the nurse will inform him of various treatment options from which the patient can choose the preferred option. It will help assist in increasing the clients trustworthiness. This process will help in making the treatment goals clear, transparent and consistent. It also includes informing Amir about the time of the service delivery such as referrals, waiting list, fee structure, and different appointment system. Further, the nurse will assure the client of the confidentiality of the information that may reduce his anxiety related to fear of mistrust by the care professionals (Brnhielm et al., 2014). Giving different choices of the treatment will maximise the clients control. It is of high priority considering his experiences of prolonged detention in refugee camps. Giving choices will make him feel that he is controlling his life. It will d ecrease his anxiety related to the therapeutic intervention and prevent silence or withdrawal from the treatment fearing the diagnosis and future (McBride, Russo, Block, 2016). Hence, it is justified to maximise the clients control and choices by allowing him to determine the pace of disclosure. During screening and assessment no assumptions were made regarding trauma. Since the patient has no source of income he may be referred to cost effective community mental health services (Tay et al., 2016). While dealing with the client the patient is considered as partner in this approach to enhance collaboration. The nurse will attempt to learn about the clients cultural identity to ensure appropriate level of emotional expression. According to McBride, Russo, Block (2016) trauma education will help in power sharing. In this situation, the nurse will focus on trauma education, which is focused on normalizing the trauma experiences and symptoms. As a result of structural inequalities, it is evident that the Amir is experiencing significant distress while resettling in Australian society. He needs support in the form of counselling as he has complex needs that may not be adequately addressed through broader interventions (Slewa-Younan et al., 2014). In this situation the role of the nurse is to adequately attend to the influence of these inequalities. It includes attending to the impact on Amirs emotions and incorporate the model of practice which embraces this. The model of practice for counselling Amir in this case is the one that acknowledges deep interrelationship between structural inequalities and psychological well-being. It is also called a psycho-social approach suggested by Allan (2015). This approach of counselling involves understanding Amirs socially structured feelings. In this counselling the nurse. Incorporates the trauma recovery model and the social model of healing. In addition to counselling the nurse liaison initiative is important to provide clinical support, education, advocacy, formal and informal capacity building, and referrals (McBride, Russo Block, 2016). Conclusion To be trauma informed means to understand the impact of violence on the mental health consumer. The role of the nurse is to apply knowledge and understanding in delivery of care. Considering the extreme prevalence of traumatic experiences and its long lasting effect on the patients life, the trauma- informed care appears to be an appropriate therapeutic intervention. This perspective offers a humane organising principle for addressing many of the challenges faced by the consumers of the mental health and others services as this perspective represents a change in the framework for understanding the patient and the complaints presented by them. References Allan, J. (2015). Reconciling the psycho-social/structuralin social work counselling with refugees.The British Journal of Social Work,45(6), 1699-1716. American Psychiatric Association. (2015).Psychiatric Services in Correctional Facilities. American Psychiatric Pub. Brnhielm, S., Edlund, A. S., Ioannou, M., Dahlin, M. (2014). Approaching the vulnerability of refugees: evaluation of cross-cultural psychiatric training of staff in mental health care and refugee reception in Sweden.BMC medical education,14(1), 207. Coughlin, M. (2014).Transformative nursing in the NICU: Trauma-informed age-appropriate care. Springer Publishing Company. Fulbrook, P., Lawrence, P. (2015). Survey of an Australian general emergency department: estimated prevalence of mental health disorders.Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing,22(1), 30-38. Huckshorn, K. A., LeBel, J. L. (2013). Trauma-informed care.Modern community mental health work: An interdisciplinary approach, 62-83. Knight, C. (2015). Trauma-informed social work practice: Practice considerations and challenges.Clinical Social Work Journal,43(1), 25-37. Kraan, T., Velthorst, E., Smit, F., de Haan, L., van der Gaag, M. (2015). Trauma and recent life events in individuals at ultra high risk for psychosis: review and meta-analysis.Schizophrenia research,161(2), 143-149. McBride, J., Russo, A., Block, A. (2016). The Refugee Health Nurse Liaison: a nurse led initiative to improve healthcare for asylum seekers and refugees.Contemporary Nurse,52(6), 710-721. Muskett, C. (2014). Trauma?informed care in inpatient mental health settings: A review of the literature.International Journal of Mental Health Nursing,23(1), 51-59. Muskett, C. (2014). Trauma?informed care in inpatient mental health settings: A review of the literature.International Journal of Mental Health Nursing,23(1), 51-59. ODonnell, M. L., Alkemade, N., Creamer, M., McFarlane, A. C., Silove, D., Bryant, R. A., ... Forbes, D. (2016). A longitudinal study of adjustment disorder after trauma exposure.American Journal of Psychiatry,173(12), 1231-1238. Raja, S., Hoersch, M., Rajagopalan, C. F., Chang, P. (2014). Treating patients with traumatic life experiences: providing trauma-informed care.The Journal of the American Dental Association,145(3), 238-245. Riebschleger, J., Day, A., Damashek, A. (2015). Foster care youth share stories of trauma before, during, and after placement: Youth voices for building trauma-informed systems of care.Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment Trauma,24(4), 339-360. Sise, R. G., Calvo, R. Y., Spain, D. A., Weiser, T. G., Staudenmayer, K. L. (2014). The epidemiology of trauma-related mortality in the United States from 2002 to 2010.Journal of trauma and acute care surgery,76(4), 913-920. Slewa-Younan, S., Mond, J., Bussion, E., Mohammad, Y., Guajardo, M. G. U., Smith, M., ... Jorm, A. F. (2014). Mental health literacy of resettled Iraqi refugees in Australia: knowledge about posttraumatic stress disorder and beliefs about helpfulness of interventions.BMC psychiatry,14(1), 320. Tay, A. K., Rees, S., Kareth, M., Silove, D. (2016). Associations of adult separation anxiety disorder with conflict-related trauma, ongoing adversity, and the psychosocial disruptions of mass conflict among West Papuan refugees.American journal of orthopsychiatry,86(2), 224. Valibhoy, M. C., Valibhoy, M. C., Szwarc, J., Szwarc, J., Kaplan, I., Kaplan, I. (2017). Young service users from refugee backgrounds: their perspectives on barriers to accessing Australian mental health services.International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare,10(1), 68-80. Wall, L., Higgins, D. J., Hunter, C. (2016).Trauma-informed care in child/family welfare services. Australian Institute of Family Studies.

Reaction for marriage and family free essay sample

I think that this was very beautifully written. I can see very valid points, but I can also see many things that a lot of parents do not follow as well as they could. My parents are great parents, but there are some philosophies in this writing that I really believe I would have benefited from. My parents tend to be a little close and In my business because I am an only child and It has always been the three of us. One of the lines states that you may strive to be like them, but seek not to make them like oh. I can really relate to this, in certain ways I have felt that my parents have tried to make me like them instead of letting me blossom into whom I want to be. I may not always make the choices that they want, or that they would choose, but in the same essence we are all different and we are all created to be who we want to become. We will write a custom essay sample on Reaction for marriage and family or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The choices and decisions we make may not always be good or right, but the things we go through help us to grow up and learn things that we other wise would have never came to understand. I also agree very much with the part where he was talking about tot being able to give your children your thoughts.Parents can preach to their kids and tell them their opinions all they want, but at the end of the day we are all our own individuals and we all have our own views and opinions, through the things that we have went through. Not one person on this earth goes through exactly the same pattern as anyone else, we all go through things that make us who we are, and we all have and see things differently. The beauty of that Is our thoughts are what make us, Some of the things that I do not particularly agree with are where he is saying that hillier come through you, but are not really yours. That does not really sit well with me, because I feel that children are a gift to you and that they are yours. I believe that they are also gifts from God, but they are yours until you dedicate them back to God. That Is Just my pollen though; I suppose It could be wrong. I feel that you are suppose to raise your kids and take care of them and supply for them so therefore that means that they are yours. That was really the only part that did not sit very well with me. Overall, I can relate to his philosophy of parenting.I think that this writing was beautiful. Just reading it really made me think a lot about parenting and life. It is a very deep and meaningful philosophy. It Is almost as though he Is saying that a child Is never really yours, and that you are merely there to be Like them. I do not think that to many parents actually live by this philosophy. I see a lot of parents that try to control or live through their childrens lives. Sometimes I think that parents just want to protect or they care to much which is why they control, but it does not make it right.I think that if more parents lived by the philosophy there would be a lot more mature children in the world, because they would have been learning how to make hand things to their kids and plant their own views in their kids head, they do not let experience and question life so they never really get to grow, then when they are on their own they go crazy because they never had the chance to learn. I really liked this article, it really did make me think quite a bit and think about things my parents did and things that I would like to do in the future.

Top 10 Obsolete Grammar Rules - by Guest Blogger Steven Sawyer

Top 10 Obsolete Grammar Rules - by Guest Blogger Steven Sawyer Article by Steven Sawyer. Edited by Brenda Bernstein, The Essay Expert Following The Essay Expert’s post about using the â€Å"singular they,† some writers in one of my LinkedIn groups were talking about breaking English grammar rules. Several of us spent a few hours discussing the merits, or de-merits, of using â€Å"they† as a singular pronoun. We were essentially divided into two camps:   purists, who would never break a time-honored English grammar rule, and progressives, who know all the rules – and delight in breaking them.   By the end of the heated discussion, purists were still purists and progressives remained progressive. Purists love the predictability of our language and the grammar rules that govern it. They still remember how to diagram a sentence.   They can spot a dangling modifier at 50 yards and pick out a subject-verb agreement error faster than you can say â€Å"comma splice.† If you went to their houses you might find that they iron their underwear and alphabetize the canned foods in their pantry. (I know a couple of purists who do that.) Progressives, on the other hand, believe that breaking rules connects writers with the masses, who stopped thinking about grammar rules decades ago. (If you dont believe me just ask any passerby to locate the verb in a sentence.) Just last year, a group of Ivy League English language purists lobbied to have â€Å"Thou shalt not break English grammar rules† added as the 11th commandment. But language mavens, dictionary writers and even influential linguists are relaxing many writing standards. Some experts are equating this usage shift to the Great Vowel Shift that took place in England in the 15th century. So, my Purist grammar friends, what will you do? Will you suck it up and go with the changes in the language as they evolve?   Or are you determined to maintain pristine prose? Its really okay if purists remain purists. I believe theyll dwindle over time until they become an extinct species, but they do have their place in our culture today. Purists, heres what youre going to have to swallow if you want to keep pace with our ever changing language. Top 10 Obsolete Or Seldom Enforced Grammar Rules Don’t split infinitives. Who would want to shamelessly do that anyway? Active voice verbs are preferable to passive voice verbs. I will never part with this one. I have  encrypted  this rule in my memory’s hard drive. Passive voice will forever be stricken from my writing. That makes me a purist for this rule only. Never start a sentence with â€Å"And† or â€Å"But.† And why not? It gets easier every time you do it. See 5th paragraph, second sentence. Never start a sentence with â€Å"There is† or â€Å"There are.† There are many occasions when starting a sentence with â€Å"There is† or â€Å"There are† is perfectly acceptable. Boring, perhaps, but acceptable. E.g., There is more Canadian bacon in the United States than in Canada. It would be difficult to change the wording in that sentence without starting with â€Å"There is†. Never end a sentence with a preposition. Now that’s a rule we can all live without. Always use â€Å"more than† instead of â€Å"over† with numbers. Okay. Whatever. Math’s not my gig. But truly, either one is acceptable use today. So, purists, get over it. Data is plural, so the verb must always be plural. So data is what data does? Or data are what data do? If they say so. Anyone with a good ear for English knows the answer to this one. Don’t start a sentence with â€Å"This.† The grammar gurus now say that you can start a sentence with â€Å"This.†Ã‚   But (Ooops, there I go, breaking rule 3. See how easy that was?)   I believe that [practice] is okay and this [guideline] is perfectly acceptable. Don’t use â€Å"free† as an adjective.   E.g., â€Å"Can I get that laptop free?†Ã‚   Nay, nay, writing comrades. That’s purist speak. Feel free to use â€Å"for free.† E.g., â€Å"Can I get that laptop for free?† Don’t use â€Å"fun† as an adjective.   You purists make me giddy.   You’ve always used â€Å"fun† as a noun.   E.g., â€Å"We had fun at the game today.† But we progressives like to use it as an adjective. â€Å"It was a fun weekend reunion with my family.† English is an evolving language. A new word gets added to the language every 98 minutes, according to the Global Language Monitor. That’s 14.7 words per day.   As words get added, usage rules undergo changes as well. Will you adopt the new â€Å"rules† of grammar? Your answer determines which camp you’re in. Steven Sawyer is a blogger, author, editor and online English teacher and writing consultant.   Read his blog at https://stevensawyer.wordpress.com/. Category:Grammar Writing TipsBy Brenda BernsteinMay 15, 2011 14 Comments Penelope J. says: May 18, 2011 at 4:28 pm The above post on progressives vs. purists was both fun and enlightening. I agree that in some cases, we have to be open to change rather than stick to the more correct language usage. I agree with the above comment. Using Where you at? and got instead of have (or in many cases, buy) have become widely acceptable, but I cringe every time I hear them uttered. Things like/such as What you got? really get (to) me. Anyway, what does get to me actually mean? Also, using a word to express the opposite feeling, You kill me or Thats a killer has become the norm rather than the exception and is taken to excruciating heights on programs that my grandchildren watch such as American Idol. But the English language is evolving and devolving to such an extent that, at 14.7 new words a day, purists must be having a hard time making or expecting others to stick to the rules. However, is it too much to ask that some rules not be broken such as misuse of verb tense and pronouns? Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: May 31, 2011 at 11:45 am Penelope, Im so glad you mentioned Where you at! When living in Brooklyn, if I were asking for directions on the street I would always say Do you know where such-and-such street is at? Im also guilty of using got instead of have. Its funny the things that still bug me, vs. the things Ive adopted. Im sure these things differ for each of us. Fun as an adjective still grates on my nerves. And I dont think its too much to ask to keep some rules in place but whos to decide which ones? I certainly have my opinions! Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: May 31, 2011 at 12:00 pm Thanks Lynn. We all have our own pet peeves dont we? Mine are different from yours! (And lets not even start on different from/different than.) I have articles on its/its and lose/loose which I invite you to read and share! https://theessayexpert.com/blog/2011/05/31/the-day-my-dad-didnt-make-it-home-from-work-by-marianne-worley-business-writing-consultant-at-the-essay-expert/ and https://theessayexpert.com/blog/2009/09/13/common-spelling-mistakes-lose-vs-loose/ respectively. Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: June 13, 2011 at 3:57 pm Thanks for your comment Rick. I agree! Log in to Reply Marion Suarez says: June 3, 2012 at 1:29 pm I feel as though proper usage of fewer/ less is almost entirely obsolete. I cant find anyone who still understands the distinction or honors it. Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: June 3, 2012 at 3:34 pm Thanks for your comment Marion. Its funny, I see 10 Items or Fewer now in many grocery stores, and I almost want them to change it back to the wrong way! Log in to Reply Mary Kent says: August 30, 2016 at 12:25 am Should we follow the rules regarding using the possessive form of nouns and pronouns with gerunds or is it a truly lost cause? Log in to Reply Brenda Bernstein says: September 2, 2016 at 10:20 pm Great question Mary! Ive been fighting for this one since I learned the rule at the age of eight. Im terrified by the number of times people correct me on this point when I am using correct grammar! Log in to Reply John T Mon says: August 7, 2017 at 11:02 pm Im mid-60s and I always wonder what happened to the use of A and An? Log in to Reply Brenda Bernstein says: August 8, 2017 at 6:55 am Do mean in spoken speech, John? It does seem like a lot of people say a when an would be grammatically correct. Log in to Reply Rebecca says: June 4, 2018 at 11:43 am I’m not a pure purist! Quirky, and especially regional, â€Å"impurities† make such entertaining conversation and writing. Still, why has the subjective compound pronoun become so accepted when used in the objective case? In speaking, I realize we all get tripped up, but I’ve seen it in writing and heard it from journalists. Log in to Reply Brenda Bernstein says: June 4, 2018 at 1:15 pm I’m right there with you, Becky. Drives me up a wall and the correct grammar seems so logical. Thanks for your comment! Log in to Reply Susan says: June 29, 2019 at 6:50 am The increased misuse of I and me when referring to another person and oneself is my beef. I am now hearing even professional speakers such as news announcers, pastors, etc. making statements such as, The taxi picked up my friend and I. In fact, I came across this article when again doing a search to see if this rule has changed. Log in to Reply Brenda Bernstein says: June 29, 2019 at 10:05 am Im with you, Susan. What did you find? Anyone saying the rule has changed? I think its more that very few people understand correct usage. Log in to Reply

Hyperkalemia or High Potassium

Hyperkalemia or High Potassium Hyperkalemia breaks down to mean  hyper-  high;  kalium, potassium;  -emia, in the blood or high potassium in the blood. Potassium in the bloodstream is the K ion, not potassium metal, so this illness is one type of electrolyte imbalance. The normal concentration of the potassium ion in blood is 3.5 to 5.3 mmol or milliequivalents  per  liter  (mEq/L). Concentrations of 5.5 mmol and higher describe hyperkalemia. The opposite condition, low blood potassium levels, is termed hypokalemia. Mild hyperkalemia typically isnt identified except through a blood test, but extreme hyperkalemia is a medical emergency that can result in death, usually from heart arrhythmia. Hyperkalemia Symptoms The symptoms of elevated potassium are not specific to the condition. Mainly the effects are on the circulatory and nervous system. They include: weaknessmalaiseheart palpitationshyperventilation Causes of Hyperkalemia Hyperkalemia results when too much potassium is taken into the body, when cells massively release potassium into the bloodstream, or when the kidneys cant properly excrete potassium. There are numerous causes of hyperkalemia, including: kidney diseasediabetes (leading to nephropathy)medications that affect urination (NSAIDS, diuretics, antibiotics, etc.)diseases associated with a mineralocorticoid deficiencymassive blood transfusionany major tissue damage, whether it be from injury (burns, serious wounds) or medical treatment (notably chemotherapy)excessive dietary intake of potassium-rich foods (e.g., salt substitute, bananas)intentional hyperkalemia as the last step of lethal injection, to disrupt and stop the heart Not that its highly unusual for a person with ordinary kidney function to overdose on potassium from foods. Excess potassium resolves itself if the kidneys are able to process an overload. If the kidneys are damaged, hyperkalemia becomes an ongoing concern. Preventing Hyperkalemia In some cases, its possible to prevent potassium buildup by limiting dietary intake of potassium-rich foods, taking diuretics, or ending a medication that causes a problem. Hyperkalemia Treatment Treatment depends on the cause and severity of hyperkalemia. In a medical emergency, the goal is to shift the potassium ion from the bloodstream into cells. Injecting insulin or salbutamol temporarily lowers serum potassium levels.

The Success of Business Enterprise Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Success of Business Enterprise - Term Paper Example This business is deemed that there are sites of work namely; in Birmingham and in Worthing as its factory sites and factory manufacturing contact lenses in Surrey. In this kind of set-up, we are aware that there are three branches in this business and with this we will now have the idea that the operation is subdivided into three sites and with this, it is a fact though these factories do perform almost the same kind of operation and produce the same kind of products the geographical separation of these factories and outlets can make a difference. Â   Â   Â   Â   Â  In this scenario, the three establishments should perform the same and should have uniformities with regards to the operation. This could be possible in recording the files, statistics and medical record of the patients in order to ensure the uniformity of operations in these places. We will now assume that these three are branches and should render the same services in their proximity. Â   Â   Â   Â   In order to ensure the uniformity of the operations of the said establishments under the business name Custom Eyes rendering the same services in different areas, the entries and the documentation of the patients and costumes should have the same entries and therefore should contain general information about patients and clients. In this case, the information that these branches should obtain must include names, addresses, medical records and similar information needed to assess the patient/client. Â   Â   Â   Â   Â  In doing this, we might be able to ensure that the record keeping of these branches are the same and the optometrists that are attending to the costumes would have the same performance as the information that they deal with would be the same. Of course, functional requirements should also be present in this kind of business. For example, the competencies of the optometrists should be looked into in order to ensure the capability and the quality of services rendered. Also, the functional requirement of the equipment should also be present in this kind of business.

Politics International Security Why did North Korea aquire Nuclear Essay

Politics International Security Why did North Korea aquire Nuclear Weapns - Essay Example From the start, a state that would become a nuclear-armed state would begin with a nuclear-energy program. Then on and on, after acquiring the capability and material to produce energy, that state would proceed, secretly or clandestinely, to produce other materials to produce nuclear weapons. A question maybe asked here: is there a precise reason why states want to acquire nuclear weapons Or is it the ambition of non-nuclear power states to acquire nuclear weapons or become nuclear-powered states Erich Marquardt (2003) in his Asia Times on-line article - Why states want nuclear weapons - has this intriguing thesis: When a state acquires nuclear weapons, the cost of invading that state increases, making it more difficult and expensive for the invader to gain a military edge. There are a number of examples to connect with this statement. ... Since Iraq did not yet have nuclear weapons in 1981, Israel was able to launch a successful military strike on the Iraqi nuclear reactor without the fear of a powerful retaliation. (Marquardt, 2003) Iraq then hastened to develop nuclear weapons to increase its leverage with their rivals Iran and Israel. Acquiring nuclear weapons would make it much more difficult for rival states to threaten or attack Iraq. This could be the reason why, according to Marquardt, the Ba'ath Party leadership was unwilling to allow United Nations weapons inspectors complete access to every part of Iraq. The ambiguity surrounding its weapons program could have theoretically increased Baghdad's foreign-policy negotiating power. (Marquardt, 2007) In the same manner, Marquardt relates, North Korea is sending confusing signals regarding its nuclear program to the U.S. or the outside world regarding its nuclear program, the purpose of which is "likely to create the perception that North Korea is possibly a nuclear-armed state" because US President George Bush is opt for a "regime change" in Pyongyang. As long as powerful rival states, such as the United States and Japan, are unclear about North Korea's nuclear program, they will have to be careful before deciding to take military action against that country (Marquardt, 2007). In this case Bush and his military would have second thoughts of attacking North Korea. Siegfried S. Hecker, researcher at the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University says that the October 9, 2006 nuclear test and the subsequent DPRK's Feb. 10, 2005 announcement of having manufactured nuclear weapons, make it much more difficult to convince the DPRK to give up its nuclear weapons. Nuclear-armed states work to

Of mice and men Comparison Essay Example for Free

Of mice and men Comparison Essay Of mice and men by John Steinbeck- Consider the character of crooks. How does he contribute to our understanding of the society in which he lives? This essay will answer the question above. I will be looking at the character Crooks and the society and the racial issues at that time. I will also look into the American dream of the majority. John Steinbeck was born in 1902 in Salinas, California, and many of his novels are set in this part of America. Before his career as a writer began, Steinbeck worked as a construction labourer and a caretaker. His first novel Cup of Gold was published in 1929. Of Mice and Men was published in 1939. He died at the age of 66 in 1968. In this paragraph, I will describe the character of Crooks and some of the difficulties faced by the racial minority. Crooks is a Black-American who stands out to the other ranch-men. He has a crooked back, where he has been kicked by a horse. He is known by many names, like the stable-buck negro or nigger. In the time where Crooks was living, Americans treated the Black-Americans very differently because they were niggers. The black people where not allowed in white areas, even though it wasnt a law, it was made this way, but there where laws of the segregation of the black and white people. In the ranch, it was exactly the same, Crooks wasnt allowed in the other ranch peoples bunk house to play blackjack or rummy I aint wanted in the bunk-house and you aint wanted in my room (page 72). He just had to sleep in the barn by himself; he had no rights, except the choice of invitation of his room. He is only allowed to play horse shoes with the other ranch workers because he is so good at it. Although C1rooks is part of the lowest chain of respect, he knows himself as a proud aloof man; he doesnt care what the others say about him. As Crooks is the only black man in the ranch, he has no rights at all, he didnt even have an identity, he was known as Crooks because his real name was not important to the ranch workers. Ku Klux Klan is the name of a number of past and present organisations in America that believed in white supremacy, anti-Semitism, racism and anti-Catholicism. These organisations promoted violence and terrorism, sometimes intimidation like burning a cross. The Klan was founded 1866, it mainly focused on intimidating people, but rapidly adapted to violent methods. This is what happens to crooks as he becomes intimidated and abused by other ranch workers. . A quick reaction set in as the Klans leader left, by the early 1870s. Crooks had a book in his room called the California Civil Code, this tells him what rights he has and what rights he doesnt have, he does this so he can avoid being lynched. Every American worker has an American dream, the base of this is respect the people working in the ranch want to have their own ranch, people working for them and some nice crops. Crooks dream is to be treated equally, and to be respected. Candy wants to relax for his last few years and seeks the opportunity in George and Lennies dream which is to have a big vegetable patch and a rabbit-hutch and some chickens (page 15), Curleys wife wants to star in the movies, wear nice clothes and be rich. All their dreams are quite similar as they all want something for their own and also respect. What Crooks really wants is equality; he wants to be treated as another human being and not differently and to have friends. I tell ya a guy gets too lonely an he gets sick. (Page 77) There are many characters that have disabilities in the story, these people are: Crooks, Candy, Lennie and Curleys wife, these people are affected in their own way. Crooks disability is none other than being black and his crooked back, he has to have his own room in the smelly, cramped barn, and he cannot go to the bunk house and play rummy with the white characters. Lennie has a mental disability which makes him different from the other characters because he still has a mind of a child; this affects him as the others underestimate him. Curleys wife is the only female at the barn, she cannot do the things the boys can do, she is also controlled by Curley as she is a woman because men had more power than women in the past, this mean that she couldnt do what she wanted to do. Candy has the disadvantage of being old, the other guys think that he is useless, he stays behind and cleans up the bunk house, he has also lost a hand which makes that others think of him more useless. This shows us that he is not the only one which is different to the ranch workers. Crooks contributes to our understanding of the society of which he lives by showing us how he lives in separation and inequality, he cannot do any of the things that the white people do, he doesnt even sleep in the same place as them as they think he stinks. The also refer to him as the nigger because he is not respected enough to be called by he real name.

Who Stole My Cheese? Self-Analysis Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Change, like time, is always happening. There is no way to stop it, not even for a second. Whither or not you realize it, you are always changing in every possible way. However, we commonly simplify change to only the large differences in our normal routines each day or week, whither they are expected or unexpected. These large problems can sometimes become problems for people, which is not surprising. They should be problems, whither they are good problems to have, or bad. It is our job to adapt to these changes, and to adapt quickly. All of the time it takes you to adapt, is time lost, time you will never regain. This principle is easily explained by Spencer Johnson, M.D. in his book Who Moved My Cheese?.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hem, Haw, and two speedy mice running through a maze looking for cheese first sounded like a very odd way to analyze how people deal with change, however, after reading a section, the comparison between two different people and mice is a very creative and correct comparison. The mice, are concerned with one thing, their cheese. They do not worry about having a permanent home or structure to fall back on. They are like Indians following the buffalo wherever they roam. They are constantly on the move following their source of life. The little people, Hem and Haw, however, are more concerned with have a home, and a schedule. A life that stays the same with themselves always perfectly content. They do not want to hav...

Amazon Books and Writers Essay

Miss Furr and Miss Keene has a reputation of being one of Gertrude Stein’s more controversial works. Originally published in 1922, the story tells of the lives of two women who live together. The story is written with a limited lexicon and contains the word â€Å"gay† which appears over a hundred times. It is purported to be one of the first coming out stories published, and through its reprinting in Vanity Fair in 1923, the underground meaning of â€Å"gay† became more widely known (Amazon Books and Writers, 2008). Stein’s style of writing uses repetition as a literary device. Those who grew up reading Dr. Seuss will have no trouble reading Miss Furr and Miss Skeene while those who are unfamiliar with Dr. Seuss will find the text quite confusing. This is because Stein, as a linguist and naturalist, utilizes repetition as a means of achieving the natural primary processes of perception and thought (Kimball, 1998). This is the primary reason why Stein’s writing is oftentimes regarded as gibberish. However, those who study her body of work will find that it is through this method that Stein conveys â€Å"the gradually changing present of human consciousness, the instability of emotion and thought† (Perloff, 1999, p. 98). This method allows Stein to let the reader experience the thoughts being conveyed as they are being written (natural) instead of conveying the thought after it has been written (synthesized). Her use of this playful style in Miss Furr and Miss Skeene is intended to rouse confusion both literally and metaphorically to reflect the thoughts of the writer (as Stein is also a lesbian) and the characters in the story. This also enables Stein to dissect one event into many while still pertaining to that one event—like an episode of 24 where the focus is that one hour but seen in different contexts. Repeating is used here as â€Å"a deliberate regression of sorts—an attempt to get at (sometimes to get back to and recover) the â€Å"real† things lying below the surface (the unconscious, the â€Å"primitive,† the primary â€Å"raw† passions of desire, love, jealousy, power, prestige, etc. ) in order to illuminate the nuanced ways that characters negotiate subconscious desires through the coded conventions of everyday polite conversation† (Nelson 2000). Stein’s depiction of these women, like the way she usually depicts her subjects, are meant to be taken as they are. Stein’s modernist style of writing â€Å"remains impervious to such an easy reading for it never allows us to make secure judgments about characters and action† (Behling, 2001, p. 127). Thus, it is literally impossible to say if the characters were caricatures or not. Stein’s unique technique solely focuses on the action and its multiple contexts instead of one singular notion. This is evident in her use of repetition without literally repeating. Instead, each perceived repetition is in fact designed to convey a new meaning. An example of this is the repetition of the word â€Å"gay. † In its first use in the seventh sentence of the story, â€Å"she did not find it gay living in the same place she has been living,† the word â€Å"gay† is used in the context of being bored. However, with each new variation, the word â€Å"gay† is transformed to mean other things, including that of today’s contemporary definition. This method of wordplay allows for the double entendre of the story. To the (then) sophisticated, the story is about Helen Furr coming out as a lesbian, while to the less informed, it is a simple story of two women living together. This style is meant to be experienced as it was intended by the author. In fact, Stein’s works, be it prose or poetry, are often discussed out loud primarily to evoke and channel that which is â€Å"natural† while also appreciating the style’s lyricism. Hence, Miss Furr and Miss Skeene would benefit from being read aloud by allowing the reader to experience â€Å"living where many were living and cultivating in themselves something† (Stein, 1993, p. 257) References Amazon Books and Writers (2008). Gertrude Stein (1874-1946). Amazon. com. Retrieved November 21, 2008 from http://www. kirjasto. sci. fi/gstein. htm. Behling, L. (2001). The Masculine Woman in America, 1890-1935. Illinois: University of Illinois Press. Kimball, J. (1998). Gertrude Stein and the natural world. Time Sense An Electronic Quarterly on the Art of Gertrude Stein. Retrieved November 21, 2008 from http://www. tenderbuttons. com/gsonline/timesense/1_1kimball. html. Nelson, C. (2000). On Gertrude Stein and Dr. Seuss. University of Illinois. Retrieved Novenber 21, 2008 from http://www2. english. uiuc. edu/finnegan/English%20251/stein_and_seuss. htm. Perloffe, M. (1999). The Poetics of Indeterminacy: Rimbaud to Cage. Illinois: Northwestern University Press. Stein, G. (1993). â€Å"Miss Furr and Miss Keene. † In G. Stein & U. E. Dydo (Ed. ) A Stein Reader (pp. 254– 259). Illinois: Northwestern University Press.

Ethnicity and Racism Essay

Introduction Ethnic identity in varied urban society is maintained against force to assimilate, in part, by an opposing process of pejorative and odious distinction. Name-calling serves to expound and to restate demarcations against which one positively mirrors oneself and one’s group. Schermerhorn, cited in Sollors (1996), illustrates an ethnic group as follows: A collectivity within a larger society having actual or reputed common ancestry, memories of a common historical past, and a cultural focus on one of more figurative elements defined as the epitome of their people hood. Instances of such symbolic element are: relationship patterns, physical contiguity (as in localism or sectionalism), religious affiliation, language or vernacular forms, tribal association, nationality, phenotypal features, or any combination of these. An essential accompaniment is some consciousness of kind amongst members of the group. (Sollors, 1996, p. xii) Jones ( 1997) characterized ethnic group as â€Å"any group of people who set themselves apart and/or are set apart by others with whom they interrelate or co-exist on the base of their perceptions of cultural delineation and/or common descent† (p. 1). According to Jones, ethnicity contains all of those social and psychological phenomenon linked with a culturally defined group identity. Ethnicity centers on the ways in which social and cultural practices intersect with one another in the recognition of, and relations between ethnic groups (p. 1). The development and expansion of ethnic identity that takes place when an individual recognizes and affiliates with a particular ethnic group is multifarious. This significant personal and group identification has decisive emotional, behavioral, and cognitive implication that affects all aspects of development. Ethnic Groups Perception Phinney (1989, 1990) and others illustrated ethnic identity through components consciousness, self-labeling, attitudes, behaviors that consequence in the individual’s recognition with a particular group and with the attainment of group patterns through membership. Similarly, Bernal and Knight (1993) viewed ethnic identity as a psychological build that includes â€Å"a set of thoughts about one’s own ethnic group membership† (p. 7). These definitions deal with the evocative content and apparent distinctiveness of ethnic identity. Of significance to note is that these components operate at two levels individual and group (Branch, 1994) and within two areas self-given and other credited. Though components are a decisive part of the definition, components in and of themselves do not have expounding capabilities: why and how identity forms and develops. As ethnic groups in the United States are professed as occupying sociopolitical, cultural positions within a hierarchical system, the implementation, demonstration, or privatization of ethnic practices are inclined by factors such as physical, cultural and ethnic markers, antagonism, emulation, social facsimile, power, situational events, and scales of inclusion and contribution ( Hollins, 1996; Jones, 1997). These factors influence the scale to which ethnic identity attribution, or self-labeling, is internally driven, outwardly imposed, or both. Some scholars think that evenness in self-labeling and the acknowledgment and performance of established modes of behavior in social areas in which ethnic identity is reconfirmed and authenticated begins around 8 years old (Aboud, 1984, 1987). However, Spencer ( 1985) pointed out that identity is a developmental process in stable transformation. Developmentally, the traditions young children accept, display, and integrate ethnic identity content into their personal and group identity diverges from the ways they are demonstrated and given significance at other life ages. We know that young children (birth to three and four years old obtain ethnic values, customs, language styles, and behavioral codes long before they are competent to label and know them as ethnic ( Sheets, 1997; Spencer, 1985). Intellectuals who study ethnic identity development in young children from a socialization viewpoint believe that the ethnic identity progression for children of color begins at birth, at the initial interactions between the child, family, and community (Sheets, 1997; Spencer, 1985). Sheets (1997) sustained that the continual existence of personal and societal markers such as skin color, language, food choices, values, and association in a dominant or non-dominant group instills in children ethnic roles and behaviors that practice them for eventual self-labeling. Likewise, Alba (1990) referring to White ethnics, continued that this early home-life frame of satisfactory alternatives creates a exceptional identity. He argued that this personality, conversant by ethnicity, exists at deep levels, present even while individuals reject their ethnicity. This agrees with identity theory in social psychology, which conjectures that the multi-identities within an individual function at diverse levels of importance. Stryker (1968) recognized this degree of confession and commitment as salience. This constituent of choice in identity labeling for White ethnics seems to be less challenging for White ethnics than for ethnics phenotypically or ethnically marked. However, for a developing ethnic identity, feelings of shared aims with a particular ethnic group implies explicit movement toward a conscious acknowledgment of and assurance with the group (Alba, 1990), resulting in self-identification with diverse degrees of salience. Thus, deliberately or unconsciously, cognitively or behaviorally, individuals use ethnic identities to classify themselves and others for the rationale of social interactions in varied settings. The Consequences of Stereotyping There is an immense and admired literature on the effects of stereotyping, The overt rationale of an ethnic epithet is to slur and to injure. But calling names is also an endeavor, whether quite deliberately realized or not, to control the behavior of the ridiculed group. This attempt at social control by disparaging labeling is an effort to influence reality by the mysterious identity of the spoken symbol with the nonverbal fact. The belief is that if one can name or add a label to an object, in this case, an ethnic individual or group, then one can use power over it by just calling its name. If the name is abusive, condescending, scolding, or ridiculing, it is expected that this description will elicit an proper response, such as causing the wounded to cower, to be degraded, to be scolded and thus to feel blameworthy, or to act out the prediction of ridiculousness. Usually this prediction is fulfilled in the eye of the beholder by selectively perceiving or misperceiving the genuine behavior of the group over which he seeks control. Yet the resultant social process of labeling and stereotyping at times also leads to redefinitions of the relations between groups and sometimes eventually has the portended effect upon the behavior and self-concept of the victim, a consequence that has been called â€Å"in authentication.† The social psychosomatic process of being proscribed entails losing one’s legitimacy by acquiring a fake image of one. The stereotypes expressed by nicknames are one device by which several minority group persons are deindividualized or depersonalized. Minority group members recognize numerous of the values of the society in which they live, including at times the conventional images of themselves. Blacks, for instance, in the past had many nicknames for other ethnic blacks that were a system of color-caste coding and gestured an recognition of one decisive factor of white racism. This and other examples prove to one of the disastrous implications of name-calling-eventual self-derogation of a group. Not simply do groups sometimes understand the stereotyped image of themselves, but at times they emphasize it by conforming to its behavioral expectations. They have then avowed the other’s image and are thus proscribed. Conversely, minorities, particularly blacks, have opposed stereotypes in creative ways. Derogatory labels, together with names such as nigger, through inversion, have been given optimistic meanings within the group. Broader stereotypes, such as robbery, sexual abandon, juvenile behavior, and laziness, through conversion, are acted out as techniques of hostility and mockery against whites. For these and other reasons, the issue of ethnic slurs is typically regarded, analytically, as a predicament in social psychology and, normatively, as a social problem. Situational and Environmental Context The context and circumstances (e.g., locations, sociopolitical radicalized ramifications, economic circumstances, and time) in which ethnic identity opens out is another element of ethnic identity (Branch, 1994). This is an area in require of research. Family socialization outlines that inspire values and social and behavioral codes in their progeny vary within similar groups and are reliant in part on particular circumstances such as socioeconomic status, generational influences, and geographic location (Hollins, 1996; McAdoo, 1993). If home-rearing performs finds out how people use their cultural resources to settle in to new and discrete environments ( Mintz & Price, 1992), this signifies that the mechanism of ethnic identity not only activate differently at diverse developmental ages, but also might be expressed another way in different contextual settings. For instance, attainment of values and behavioral and social prototypes are mechanism in the ethnic identity improvement of young children that can herald self-labeling and appreciation. Also, self-labeling informed by framework is not as easy as suggested. It may or may not designate recognition, commitment, and salience; the capability to self-label does not mean that contextually the same decisive factor is used to determine the labeling of others. Sheets (1998) found that five year old children from African, Mexican, Minh, Loatian American, and Black/White racially mixed groups were capable to categorize themselves ethnically. These children willingly provided distinctive physical markers (eye shape, skin tone, and hair texture) and cultural fundamentals (native language, food preferences, and ways of eating) as proof to discriminate themselves from others. though, they used trustworthy or communally accepted reasons to categorize others. For instance, they say an individual is â€Å"Loas† because â€Å"My daddy said so† or someone is â€Å"Mexican† because â€Å"He was born in the hospital.† The self-labeling at this age was also detach from attitudes of relationship, obligation, and salience, but not from exclusive cultural behaviors linked with group patterns. Research that scrutinizes how environmental framework affects children’s ethnic identity development–and its effect on present and successive development–or what types of sociopsychological events influence change in the development of individual and group ethnic membership were not accessible. The mechanism and progression of ethnic identity appear to be extremely receptive to changing contextual social, political, and economic conditions. Ethnic identity cannot be sufficiently examined as secluded elements, rather it must be examined as suggested by Mintz and Price ( 1992), as systems or patterns in their societal context. Jones (1997) argued that ethnic identity is â€Å"based on uneven, situational, subjective identification of self and others, which are entrenched in continuing daily practices and chronological experience† (p. 13). Future Prospect The diverse reactions are due to a numeral of factors, which are not essentially mutually exclusive: an enthusiasm for the immediate surcease of bigotry; an intolerance with the slowness of progress thus far; an indecision about the permanency of newly gained perfection; a premonition, anxiety, or resentment about enduring injustices; and, most lately, a belief that being renowned as a disadvantaged minority will take group preferences and remedies or that being denied such appreciation will dispossess them of just treatment. Obscured in history are the colonial exclusions, whippings, tongue borings, and hangings of heretics, rebels, and witches; the mob attacks on Mormons, Asians, Mexican Americans, Filipinos, and Italians; the blazing down of Catholic churches; and the lynching and shootings of Blacks and Indians. Neither amongst American Indians nor between Whites and Indians, Whites and Blacks, French and English, Dutch and Swedes, Russians and Americans, Catholics and Protestants, and Protestants and Protestants are there the defensive and regal wars that once raged on American soil; nor have American ethnic groups pretended the wide-ranging violence that existed or exists in numerous parts of Europe and Asia, such as between Russians and Poles, Greeks and Turks, Jews and Arabs, Spaniards and Basques, Irish and English, Japanese and Chinese, and Tibetans and Chinese. Gone are the Anglophobes, Francophobes, Spanophobes, and Germanophobes, who alleged that Britain, France, Spain, and Germany correspondingly were plotting to destroy our government. Also gone are the once popular beliefs that Masons, Illuminati, the pope, communists, and international Jewry had permeated government and courts or that America was jeopardized by Chinese and Japanese invasions. On a local level, the Florida parliament in 1995 awarded compensation to nine Black survivors of White mob attacks seven decades earlier. In that similar year, Mississippi finally ratified the Thirteenth Amendment eliminating slavery. Some hundred years after 31 Chinese gold miners in Oregon were cruelly killed in 1887 were the files on what had happened first made public. On a state level, four decades passed before Congress chosen compensation for the unfair internment of American Japanese and Aleuts during World War II, and not until 1993 did Congress pass a declaration making an apology for the overthrow a hundred years earlier of the Hawaiian monarchy. Religionists, too, have more and more recognized past wrongs. On almost a hundred diverse occasions Pope John Paul II apologized for Catholic wrongs against Jews, Africans, Indians, Protestants, women, and even the astronomer Galileo. In 1995, on the 150th anniversary of its beginning, the Southern Baptist Convention overwhelmingly voted to request forgiveness of â€Å"all African-Americans† for past support of slavery. Two years later, Lutheran, Anglican, Catholic, and United Methodist leaders in South Carolina issued a statement owning up their sins of racism. Last has been a development of minority community and political action groups, which as never before look for civic and political acknowledgment and power. No longer are hyphenated groups viewed as unpatriotic, and no longer are they reliant on the altruism of others to resolve their problems, or, in the case of immigrants, to rely on motherland governments to speak on their behalf. Rather, much in the way of Blacks, they hold marches, pageants, demonstrations, and political forums, often with the support of second- and third-generation local or federal politicians of their own group. Both the Democratic and Republican parties have outreach programs to all main minority groups, together with the solicitation of funds. On both local and national levels, political officeholders are sure to have famous minority representatives as advisers or staff. Assistance all of the above were the press, radio, and television, which no longer disregarded prejudice, discrimination, or violence against minorities, but depicted such behavior as communally unacceptable and ethically wrong and called upon political and public officials to take corrective action. In brief, today’s minority groups have more fortifications, opportunities, and freedoms than their parents or grandparents had or dreamed of perhaps having and they are challenging and taking advantage of them as never before. Increasingly, changes for the better have taken place. Admitting such does not mean that there still is not victims and troubles, but rather proves that vary is possible and that cynicism and suspicion are unwarranted. A subsequent principle is comparing intergroup relations in America to those in other countries. Here, too, America detachable very well, as is obvious by what is and has been going on in other countries, as well as by the needs of so many foreigners to leave their homelands. We merely do not have the wars, ethnic conflicts, and calls for secession, self-determination, or ethnic sanitization that take place in Eastern Europe, Yugoslavia, Spain, England, Northern Ireland, India, Indonesia, Rwanda–or in our border neighbors, Canada and Mexico. Few Native Americans, Hawaiians, and Alaskans want secession, and few Puerto Ricans want whole independence from America. Still fewer are the figure of Americans who relinquish their citizenship and leave to live in another country. Third, intergroup relations can be evaluated to the nationally appreciated values of equal rights and opportunities for life, autonomy, and the detection of happiness, where individuals are moderator in spite of their race, religion, ethnicity, age, and sex. By this decisive factor, it is very understandable particularly to minorities that problems still exist, that racism, anti-Catholicism, anti-Asianism, anti-Hispanicism, anti-Native Americanism, anti-Semitism, homophobia, and sexism have not moved out. The fourth criterion entailed comparing a group’s progress or need of it to other groups. The consequences, certainly, depend on the groups being compared. while the situation of American Blacks is evaluated to that of American Indians or Haitians, Blacks are doing very well, but when contrasted to that of Irish Catholics or Jews, they are far behind. If being murdered and robbed of one’s home are the most terrible that can happen a group, then Indians were the leading victims, followed by Blacks, who were the only group brought here against their will as slaves, alienated from their families, and not permitted to enable their customs, languages, and even names. Mexicans all through the Southwest were made strangers in their own land, as were national Hawaiians, both of whose lands were taken by fraud and conquest. Alaskan natives were not asked whether they required their land sold by Russia to America. Asians were the most redundant groups, and Catholics the most hated religious group. Frequently derelict in group comparisons are the momentous numbers of minorities who, despite discrimination, achieved, such as Arabs, Armenians, Asians, Cubans, Greeks, Huguenots, Jews, Latvians, Mormons, Quakers, and West Indians. Also derelicted are the ethnic and socioeconomic subdivisions within a explicit victimized group as with late-nineteenth and early twentieth-century comparatively well-off northern Italians and poor southern ones, as well as with moderately poor eastern and well-off western European Jews. These days, too, perceptible differences in accomplishment exist between such Hispanic groups as Cubans, Mexicans, and Puerto Ricans–with Cubans usually having a much higher mean income and educational attainment than the two other groups and than Whites usually. Briefly, the picture that appears from group-to-group comparisons is a mixed one, depending on which groups are being evaluated. A fifth principle is that of Utopia. All too perceptibly, America is not a Garden of Eden, Elysian Field, Happy Isle, Golden Land, or heaven on earth. Yes, we have approach a far way from the discrimination and favoritism of early America or of Europe, Africa, and Asia, but we have a long way to go before it can be realistically said that Americans live by the Golden Rule. The last and politically latest criteria (at least in America) are those of assortment and relative representation. originally, the terms usually implied that if a group did not have a percentage of jobs, school admissions, positions, elections, and so on, equal to its percentage of the local or state population, or to its percentage of the workforce, it was a sign of being discriminated against. For instance, since African Americans are some   twelve percent of the population, or women some fifty percent, it was argued, they should have that percentage of jobs, college admissions, political appointments, and the like. Consequently of the enduring nonrepresentational or exclusion of minorities, and the growing public and court refusal of race-conscious solutions, calls began being made for ascertaining multiculturalism and diversity. Schools, workplaces, political offices, media, and much else, were reproved to form workforces that replicate the makeup of America, thereby reassuring a greater minority inclusion than by just calling for equal opportunity for all minorities. By this decisive factor, with the omission of the armed forces, sports, and civil service jobs, few arenas of society are free of discrimination. It mean First, bad as prejudice was, it has been waning for all minority groups, though differentially so. Second, how much of a reject has there been, how fast or slow has it occurred, what has caused either, and how best to spiral the speed of reform are justifiable topics of concern and debate. Third, the dearth of usually agreed upon criteria for measuring progress distorts the realism of the progress made and not made. Worse yet, in numerous cases, the absence has aggravated intergroup relations, wherein one group’s self-interests conflict with those of other groups. Instead of figuring coalitions to resolve problems of common concern, numerous groups believe in centering on their own priorities. Without a coalitional conformity on what needs to be done, the speed of further development will be delayed, but not stopped. Too much goodwill subsists in America, and too numerous reforms have taken place, at too high a cost in lives and energy, to be stopped. The recognizable glass is neither empty nor full, but being filled and the earlier the better. References: Aboud F. E. ( 1984). â€Å"Social and cognitive bases of ethnic identity constancy.† Journal of Genetic Psychology, 145, 227 – 229. Aboud F. E. ( 1987). â€Å"The development of ethnic self-identification and attitudes.† In J. S. Phinney & M. J. Rotheram (Eds.), Children’s ethnic socialization: Pluralism and development (pp. 32 – 55 ). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Alba R. D. ( 1990). Ethnic identity: The transformation of White America. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Branch C. W. ( 1994). â€Å"Ethnic identity as a variable in the learning equation.† In E. R. Hollins , J. E. King, & W. G. Hayman (Eds.), Teaching diverse populations: Formulating a knowledge base (pp. 207 – 224 ). Albany: State University of New York Press. Hollins E. R. ( 1996). Culture in school learning; Revealing the deep meaning. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Jones S. ( 1997). The archaeology of ethnicity: Constructing identities in the past and present. Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul. McAdoo H. P. (Ed.). ( 1993). Family ethnicity: Strength in diversity. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Mintz S. W., & Price R. ( 1992). The birth of African-American culture: An anthropological perspective. Boston: Beacon Press. Sheets R. H. ( 1997). â€Å"Reflection 1: Racial and ethnic awareness.† In J. Carnes & R. H. Sheets (Eds.), Starting small: Teaching tolerance in preschool and the early grades (pp. 16 – 21 ). Montgomery, AL: Southern Poverty Law Center. Sheets R. H. ( 1998). Ethnic identity behavioral displays in an urban Kindergarten classroom: Implications for practice. Unpublished manuscript. Sodowsky G. R., Kwan K. K., & Pannu R. ( 1995). â€Å"Ethnic identity of Asians in the United States.† In J. G. Ponterotto, J. M. Casas, L. A. Suzuki, & C. M. Alexander (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural counseling (pp. 123 – 154 ). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Sollors W. (Ed.). ( 1996). Theories of ethnicity: A classical reader. New York: New York University Press. Spencer M. B. ( 1985). â€Å"Cultural cognition and social cognition as identity factors in Black children’s personal growth.† In M. Spencer, G. Brookins, & W. Allen (Eds.), Beginnings: The social and affective development of Black children (pp. 215 – 230 ). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates

Reinsurance Agreements in Business

Reinsurance Agreements in Business Reinsurance can simply be defined as an agreement between an insurance company and a third party. This is more like the general insurance agreement between a person and an insurance company. Reinsurance protects the insurance company from losses since some of the policies have a high chance of incuring huge losses.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Reinsurance Agreements in Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main reason behind reinsurance is to cover the insurance company, when making huge reimbursements as well as preventing it from losses. Reinsurance is also seen as a risk transfer mechanism (Mathew, 2003). Reinsurance agreements may be classified into two types, a facultative and a treaty agreement. Facultative reinsurance policy is used by the reinsured to reduce the chance of loss associated with a particular agreement and helps in ensuring the risks relating to a particular cover are low (Reinsurance, 2005, par. 5). It usually covers the whole or part of the given policy and is based on the analysis of the situation and the clauses in the policy. A treaty reinsurance agreement refers to an agreement where a reinsurance company insures various policies related to a class of policies. A treaty agreement is more general than facultative. There are several types of treaty reinsurance agreements, Quota share treaty, excess loss treaty, and surplus treaty. Wollan (2002) observed that the doctrine of utmost good faith was essential in any insurance transaction or undertaking. The principle of utmost good faith states that an insured person or the insurance company should provide all the details relating to a certain cover that is to be undertaken. One should disclose all the information referred to a particular party or risk. In the case of a reinsurance agreement, both parties should deal with honesty. Both sides should disclose all the information that is deemed necessary for the rei mbursement to take place. Dishonesty occurs when one of the people fails to disclose all the information that is material in the agreement. The insurance company should ensure a good conclusion is reached at when negotiations between the policy holder and the insurance company take place after the occurrence of a loss. There are cases where the reinsured does not negotiate with the policy holder, hence the reinsurance company will fail to honor the agreement. The reinsured also files a claim with the insurer within time. By this time, the reinsured should have carried out investigations to find out if the claim by the original policyholder was genuine. Dishonesty thus results from failure to adhere to the above.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A surety bond ensures the completion of a contract. The Legal Dictionary (n.d.) defines a surety bond as a written promise under seal which commits its issuer (the surety) to pay a named beneficiary, called the oblige, a sum up to a stipulated amount, but subject to the provision that the obligation of the issuer will cease if certain specified conditions are met. (par. 6). In an insurance undertaking, obliges may at times fail to disclose all the relevant information; this results to obliges not being reimbursed. Such a case does not violate a surety bond, and the principal cannot be sued. Renewable insurance policies are the ones that offer renewable guarantee over time. For example, consider the case of life insurance policies. Originally, these policies were not renewable over time, and when a person suffered from some chronical desease, the person could not be covered. However, the case of renewability feature allows one to renew a contract over a given period of time and convenient. References Mathew H. (2003). For the Defense 45. The Role of Reinsurance: Defending under the Follow-the-Fortunes Do ctrine, 2(45), 12. Legal Dictionary. (n.d.). Duhaime.org Law Dictionary and Legal Information. Retrieved from duhaime.org/LegalDictionary/S/SuretyBond.aspx Reinsurance. (2005). In Wests Encyclopedia of American Law. Retrieved from: https://www.encyclopedia.com/law/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/reinsurance Wollan, E. (2002). Handbook of Reinsurance Law. New York: Aspen Law Business.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Reinsurance Agreements in Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Profile of the National Organization for Women (NOW)

Profile of the National Organization for Women (NOW) During a June 1966 meeting of state commissions on the status of women in Washington, D.C., Betty Friedan and other attendees felt dissatisfied with the lack of concrete forward motion. Seeing the need for a civil rights organization specifically focused on womens rights, 28 of them met in Friedans hotel room and created the National Organization for Women (NOW) to take action to achieve the equality of women. The time was ripe for such a move. In 1961, President Kennedy had established the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women (PCSW) to study and resolve problems experienced by women in areas like work, education, and tax laws. In 1963, Friedan had published her groundbreaking feminist classic The Feminine Mystique, and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 had technically outlawed sex discrimination (though many women still felt there was little or no enforcement.) Did You Know? Betty Friedan was elected the first president of NOW and served in that office for three years. NOW Statement of Purpose 1966: Key Points womens rights as truly equal partnership with men, fully equal partnership of the sexesfocused on activism: confront, with concrete action, the conditions that now prevent women from enjoying the equality of opportunity and freedom of choice which is their right as individual Americans, as human beingswomens rights seen in the context of the world-wide revolution of human rights; equality of women as an opportunity to develop their fullest human potentialspurpose to put women in the mainstream of American political, economic and social lifeNOWs commitment equality, freedom, and dignity for women specifically defined as not being about special privilege for women or enmity towards men Key Feminist Issues in Statement of Purpose employment the most attention in the document is to issues around employment and economicseducationfamily including marriage and divorce laws, home responsibilities by gender rolepolitical participation: in parties, decision-making, candidates (NOW was to be independent of any particular political party)images of women in the media, in culture, in laws, in social practicesbriefly addressed issue of double discrimination of African American women, linked womens rights to broader issues of social justice including racial justiceopposition to protectiveness in work, school, church, etc. NOW instituted seven task forces to work on these issues: The Seven Original NOW Task Forces. NOW Founders Included: Gene Boyer, 1925-2003Kathryn Clarenbach,1920-1994Inez Casiano, 1926-Mary Eastwood, 1930-Caroline Davis, 1911-Catherine East, 1916-1996Elizabeth Farians, 1923-Muriel Fox, 1928-Betty Friedan, 1921-2006Sonia Pressman Fuentes, 1928-Richard Graham, 1920-2007Anna Arnold Hedgeman, 1899-1990Aileen Hernandez, 1926-Phineas Indritz, 1916-1997Pauli Murray, 1910-1985Marguerite Rawalt, 1895-1989Sister Mary Joel ReadAlice Rossi, 1922-More about some of these women and men: The First NOW Officers Key NOW Activism Some key issues in which NOW has been active: 1967 Into the 1970s At the first NOW convention after the founding conference, 1967, members chose to focus on the Equal Rights Amendment, repeal of abortion laws, and public funding of child care. The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) remained a major focus until the final deadline for ratification passed in 1982. Marches, beginning in 1977, tried to mobilize support; NOW also organized boycotts by organizations and individuals of events in states which had not ratified the ERA; NOW lobbied for a 7-year extension in 1979 but the House and Senate only approved half of that time. NOW also focused on legal enforcement of provisions of the Civil Rights Act that applied to women, helped conceive and pass legislation inluding the Pregnancy Discrimination Act (1978), worked for repeal of abortion laws and, after Roe v. Wade, against laws that would restrict abortions availability or a pregnant womans role in choosing abortion. In the 1980s In the 1980s, NOW endorsed presidential candidate Walter Mondale who nominated the first woman candidate for VP of a major party, Geraldine Ferraro. NOW added activism against policies of President Ronald Reagan, and began to be more active on issues of lesbian rights. NOW also filed a federal civil suit against groups attacking abortion clinics and their leaders, resulting in a 1994 Supreme Court decision in NOW v. Scheidler. In the  1990s In the 1990s, NOW remained active on issues including economic and reproductive rights, and also became more visibly active on issues of domestic violence. NOW also created a Women of Color and Allies Summit, and took aim at the fathers rights movement as part of NOWs activism on issues of family law. In the  2000s After 2000, NOW worked to oppose the Bush administrations strategies on issues of womens economic rights, reproductive rights, and marriage equality. In 2006, the Supreme Court removed the NOW v. Scheidler protections that kept abortion clinic protesters from interfering with patients access to the clinics. NOW also took on issues of Mothers and Caregivers Economic Rights and the interface between disability issues and womens rights, and between immigration and womens rights. In 2008, NOWs Political Action Committee (PAC) endorsed Barack Obama for president. The PAC had endorsed Hillary Clinton in March, 2007,  during the primary.  The organization had not endorsed a candidate in the general election since the 1984 nomination of Walter Mondale for President and Geraldine Ferraro for Vice President. NOW also endorsed President Obama for a second term in 2012.  NOW continued to put pressure on President Obama on womens issues, including for more appointments of women and especially women of color.   In 2009, NOW was a key supporter of the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act, signed by President Obama as his first official act. NOW was also active in the struggle to keep contraception coverage in the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Issues of economic security, right to marry for same-sex couples, immigrant rights, violence against women, and laws limiting abortions and requiring ultrasounds or extraordinary health clinic regulations continued to be on NOWs agenda.  NOW also became active on new activity to pass the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA).