Nursing Mental Health for Trauma- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discus about theNursing Mental Health for Trauma. Answer: Introduction Trauma has long lasting impact on the physical and the mental health of an individual. Trauma is recognised to be the major public concern in the area of mental health services. Therefore, strategies to address the clients history of trauma are increasingly drawing attention of the care providers and the care policymakers in different parts of the world (American Psychiatric Association, 2015). People with traumatic experiences can be benefitted if provided with emerging best practices in the traumatic informed care (Muskett, 2014). These practices involve both the clinical and the organisational changes that have the potential to improve the health outcome of the patient, patient engagement, and decrease unnecessary utilization of the health care resources (Wall, Higgins, Hunter, 2016). The paper deals with the case study of Amir Daud who has traumatic background experiences can and is experiencing anxiety disorder. In response to the case study, the paper discusses trauma informed care as a therapeutic approach from the nursing perspective. The response to the case study includes the prevalence of a history of trauma in mental health presentations and the neurobiology of trauma. The paper further provides the critique of the evidence base for trauma-informed care. The paper highlights how a trauma informed model of care would be implemented for Amir. Prevalence of the History of Trauma in Mental Health Presentations Mental health settings in any country are reported to have extreme prevalence of trauma cases. In Australia, two third of people visiting the inpatient and the outpatient mental health services have traumatic childhood (Slewa-Younan et al., 2014). They have experienced physical or sexual abuse in childhood. Other than that the major cases of complex trauma were found to be an outcome of neglect, emotional abuse, family violence, separation and loss, substance abuse, war, and refugee trauma (ODonnell et al., 2016). In Australia, five million adult people have experienced traumatic childhood. Most of the patients have multiple experiences with trauma. The indigenous population (both adults and children) in Australia are highly represented in the mental health services with experiences of trauma (Kraan et al., 2015). Trauma is recognised to be major public health concern. In a study examining, the charts of the psychiatric outpatients 50% of the cases were positive for the history of tr auma (Fulbrook Lawrence, 2015). In US, 90% of the clients in public mental health services have been exposed to trauma (Sise et al., 2014). The impetus for development of a trauma-informed care perspective in the development of the social service and the mental health service delivery originated from the growing recognition the wide prevalence of early traumatic events and their health consequences. Critique of the Evidence Base for Trauma-Informed Care Riebschleger et al. (2015) criticised that the clients traumatic history is rarely explored by the mental health practioner irrespective of the event that caused the trauma of the individual. In mental health setting, most patients are not screened or assessed or treated for their traumatic experience, which, may lead to adverse outcomes. Therefore, trauma informed care is important in addressing the impact caused by the trauma. According to Muskett, (2014) the trauma informed care refers to recognition of the prevalence of the trauma, its assessment and treatment, followed by laying focus on what has happened to the client and what is wrong with him or her. Trauma informed care is informed by current research. This type of care recognises that coercive environment cause re-traumatisation of the patient. This care it is considered as framework for human service delivery, since it is based on awareness and understanding of how trauma has influenced an individuals life and service needs. The core principles of the trauma informed care are-patient empowerment, collaboration, choice, safety, trustworthiness, cultural, historical and gender issues (Wall, Higgins Hunter, 2016). Huckshorn LeBel (2013) argued that Trauma informed care is an effective framework, which keeps the patient at the centre of his or her treatment. In this model or framework individual and the family are empowered. The service is delivered with the goal of wellness and self-management. Trauma informed care is transparent and open to outside parties and minimises the power control. The staffs in the trauma informed care is trained and understand the function of behaviour. This framework is highly preferred because it focuses on collaboration as per Knight (2015). In this form of care, the care providers do not engage in interactions that are disrespectful, demeaning, coercive, dominating, or controlling. Instead, the staffs respond to the disruptive behaviours through active listening skills, empathy, and by developing questions that help the patients to find solution to their crisis. In short, the trauma informed approaches could be described as strength-based framework, which is responsive to the effects of trauma (Coughlin, 2014). In conclusion, trauma informed care is the best therapeutic approach for patients with traumatic history. The effectiveness of this approach has been published in various studies. Trauma Informed Model of Care for Amir In the given case study, Amir has elements to his history that suggests distinct vulnerabilities and needs specific to his experience as a member of immigrant and refugee population in Australia. This section demonstrates as to how trauma informed model of care will be implemented to this case. Screening Trauma History Amir Daud is a 28-year-old refugee from Afghanistan. He is receiving supported accommodation with other refugees in Australia and have been referred to nurse for trauma counselling. Upon interaction with the client it was found that he has pleasant and cooperative behaviour but somewhat reserved in the general demeanour. This behaviour may be considered as strength that will help in building positive relationship with the client (Raja et al., 2014). He speaks Persian language and the lack of fluency in the host language is terrifying for him and adds to his frustration (Valibhoy et al., 2017). .Being a new comer in Australia, he has no awareness of the cultural and diversity in this new place. This has led to poor social connectedness. His childhood history shows a long experience of discrimination and persecution. He has also witnessed the murder of his family member. In the adult stage he has struggled fighting from Afghanistan. Further, discussion revealed that his years of detention were full of anxiety and uncertainty. He has witnessed self harm by his fellow detainees. It was found that he has no emotional support from his family who is still in Afghanistan and is facing persecution. This data indicates that Amir has limited control on his life and his confinement (Huckshorn, LeBel, 2013). He has a good physical health and poor mental health, which may lead to adverse health outcomes if unaddressed. He is suffering from poor concentration due to which he is unable to seek employment and he feels hopeless about his condition. It is indicative of lack of resources to pay for the services. He is demotivated about reunion with his family. His mind flashes back the negative experiences and keep generating negative intrusive thoughts, which are resulting in sleeplessness. It is indicative of anxiety disorder as per Tay et al. (2016). Delivery of Care During the delivery of the care, the nurse will use the strength of the client to empower him in the development of his treatment. It is needed because at present he might be feeling vulnerable due to history of violence and fear of further harm. Patient empowerment will help in building trust and ensure positive interaction with nurse (Brnhielm e al., 2014).The client is stressed with the socio-economic strain, loss of status, family separation and therefore needs empowerment. Therefore, the nurse will provide interventions that support the existing strengths. The nurse will incorporate traditional support mechanism and foster social agency. In order to empower client messages that focus on resilience and wellness will be delivered regularly to facilitate positive adaptation (Allan, 2015). The patients safety will be ensured by eliminating the barriers that may cause the underutilisation of the services. The cultural and the linguistic barriers will be addressed by recruiting the medical interpreters, cultural brokers and by assigning care assistant who is more culturally competent. It will prevent the language barriers and the possibility of the negative interaction (Raja et al., 2014). It is evident that the Amir being a newcomer do not understand the purpose of the programs and the laws and regulations governing them. Therefore, the nurse will inform him of various treatment options from which the patient can choose the preferred option. It will help assist in increasing the clients trustworthiness. This process will help in making the treatment goals clear, transparent and consistent. It also includes informing Amir about the time of the service delivery such as referrals, waiting list, fee structure, and different appointment system. Further, the nurse will assure the client of the confidentiality of the information that may reduce his anxiety related to fear of mistrust by the care professionals (Brnhielm et al., 2014). Giving different choices of the treatment will maximise the clients control. It is of high priority considering his experiences of prolonged detention in refugee camps. Giving choices will make him feel that he is controlling his life. It will d ecrease his anxiety related to the therapeutic intervention and prevent silence or withdrawal from the treatment fearing the diagnosis and future (McBride, Russo, Block, 2016). Hence, it is justified to maximise the clients control and choices by allowing him to determine the pace of disclosure. During screening and assessment no assumptions were made regarding trauma. Since the patient has no source of income he may be referred to cost effective community mental health services (Tay et al., 2016). While dealing with the client the patient is considered as partner in this approach to enhance collaboration. The nurse will attempt to learn about the clients cultural identity to ensure appropriate level of emotional expression. According to McBride, Russo, Block (2016) trauma education will help in power sharing. In this situation, the nurse will focus on trauma education, which is focused on normalizing the trauma experiences and symptoms. As a result of structural inequalities, it is evident that the Amir is experiencing significant distress while resettling in Australian society. He needs support in the form of counselling as he has complex needs that may not be adequately addressed through broader interventions (Slewa-Younan et al., 2014). In this situation the role of the nurse is to adequately attend to the influence of these inequalities. It includes attending to the impact on Amirs emotions and incorporate the model of practice which embraces this. The model of practice for counselling Amir in this case is the one that acknowledges deep interrelationship between structural inequalities and psychological well-being. It is also called a psycho-social approach suggested by Allan (2015). This approach of counselling involves understanding Amirs socially structured feelings. In this counselling the nurse. Incorporates the trauma recovery model and the social model of healing. In addition to counselling the nurse liaison initiative is important to provide clinical support, education, advocacy, formal and informal capacity building, and referrals (McBride, Russo Block, 2016). Conclusion To be trauma informed means to understand the impact of violence on the mental health consumer. The role of the nurse is to apply knowledge and understanding in delivery of care. Considering the extreme prevalence of traumatic experiences and its long lasting effect on the patients life, the trauma- informed care appears to be an appropriate therapeutic intervention. This perspective offers a humane organising principle for addressing many of the challenges faced by the consumers of the mental health and others services as this perspective represents a change in the framework for understanding the patient and the complaints presented by them. References Allan, J. (2015). Reconciling the psycho-social/structuralin social work counselling with refugees.The British Journal of Social Work,45(6), 1699-1716. American Psychiatric Association. (2015).Psychiatric Services in Correctional Facilities. American Psychiatric Pub. Brnhielm, S., Edlund, A. S., Ioannou, M., Dahlin, M. (2014). Approaching the vulnerability of refugees: evaluation of cross-cultural psychiatric training of staff in mental health care and refugee reception in Sweden.BMC medical education,14(1), 207. Coughlin, M. (2014).Transformative nursing in the NICU: Trauma-informed age-appropriate care. Springer Publishing Company. Fulbrook, P., Lawrence, P. (2015). Survey of an Australian general emergency department: estimated prevalence of mental health disorders.Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing,22(1), 30-38. Huckshorn, K. A., LeBel, J. L. (2013). Trauma-informed care.Modern community mental health work: An interdisciplinary approach, 62-83. Knight, C. (2015). Trauma-informed social work practice: Practice considerations and challenges.Clinical Social Work Journal,43(1), 25-37. Kraan, T., Velthorst, E., Smit, F., de Haan, L., van der Gaag, M. (2015). Trauma and recent life events in individuals at ultra high risk for psychosis: review and meta-analysis.Schizophrenia research,161(2), 143-149. McBride, J., Russo, A., Block, A. (2016). The Refugee Health Nurse Liaison: a nurse led initiative to improve healthcare for asylum seekers and refugees.Contemporary Nurse,52(6), 710-721. Muskett, C. (2014). Trauma?informed care in inpatient mental health settings: A review of the literature.International Journal of Mental Health Nursing,23(1), 51-59. Muskett, C. (2014). Trauma?informed care in inpatient mental health settings: A review of the literature.International Journal of Mental Health Nursing,23(1), 51-59. ODonnell, M. L., Alkemade, N., Creamer, M., McFarlane, A. C., Silove, D., Bryant, R. A., ... Forbes, D. (2016). A longitudinal study of adjustment disorder after trauma exposure.American Journal of Psychiatry,173(12), 1231-1238. Raja, S., Hoersch, M., Rajagopalan, C. F., Chang, P. (2014). Treating patients with traumatic life experiences: providing trauma-informed care.The Journal of the American Dental Association,145(3), 238-245. Riebschleger, J., Day, A., Damashek, A. (2015). Foster care youth share stories of trauma before, during, and after placement: Youth voices for building trauma-informed systems of care.Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment Trauma,24(4), 339-360. Sise, R. G., Calvo, R. Y., Spain, D. A., Weiser, T. G., Staudenmayer, K. L. (2014). The epidemiology of trauma-related mortality in the United States from 2002 to 2010.Journal of trauma and acute care surgery,76(4), 913-920. Slewa-Younan, S., Mond, J., Bussion, E., Mohammad, Y., Guajardo, M. G. U., Smith, M., ... Jorm, A. F. (2014). Mental health literacy of resettled Iraqi refugees in Australia: knowledge about posttraumatic stress disorder and beliefs about helpfulness of interventions.BMC psychiatry,14(1), 320. Tay, A. K., Rees, S., Kareth, M., Silove, D. (2016). Associations of adult separation anxiety disorder with conflict-related trauma, ongoing adversity, and the psychosocial disruptions of mass conflict among West Papuan refugees.American journal of orthopsychiatry,86(2), 224. Valibhoy, M. C., Valibhoy, M. C., Szwarc, J., Szwarc, J., Kaplan, I., Kaplan, I. (2017). Young service users from refugee backgrounds: their perspectives on barriers to accessing Australian mental health services.International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare,10(1), 68-80. Wall, L., Higgins, D. J., Hunter, C. (2016).Trauma-informed care in child/family welfare services. Australian Institute of Family Studies.

Reaction for marriage and family free essay sample

I think that this was very beautifully written. I can see very valid points, but I can also see many things that a lot of parents do not follow as well as they could. My parents are great parents, but there are some philosophies in this writing that I really believe I would have benefited from. My parents tend to be a little close and In my business because I am an only child and It has always been the three of us. One of the lines states that you may strive to be like them, but seek not to make them like oh. I can really relate to this, in certain ways I have felt that my parents have tried to make me like them instead of letting me blossom into whom I want to be. I may not always make the choices that they want, or that they would choose, but in the same essence we are all different and we are all created to be who we want to become. We will write a custom essay sample on Reaction for marriage and family or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The choices and decisions we make may not always be good or right, but the things we go through help us to grow up and learn things that we other wise would have never came to understand. I also agree very much with the part where he was talking about tot being able to give your children your thoughts.Parents can preach to their kids and tell them their opinions all they want, but at the end of the day we are all our own individuals and we all have our own views and opinions, through the things that we have went through. Not one person on this earth goes through exactly the same pattern as anyone else, we all go through things that make us who we are, and we all have and see things differently. The beauty of that Is our thoughts are what make us, Some of the things that I do not particularly agree with are where he is saying that hillier come through you, but are not really yours. That does not really sit well with me, because I feel that children are a gift to you and that they are yours. I believe that they are also gifts from God, but they are yours until you dedicate them back to God. That Is Just my pollen though; I suppose It could be wrong. I feel that you are suppose to raise your kids and take care of them and supply for them so therefore that means that they are yours. That was really the only part that did not sit very well with me. Overall, I can relate to his philosophy of parenting.I think that this writing was beautiful. Just reading it really made me think a lot about parenting and life. It is a very deep and meaningful philosophy. It Is almost as though he Is saying that a child Is never really yours, and that you are merely there to be Like them. I do not think that to many parents actually live by this philosophy. I see a lot of parents that try to control or live through their childrens lives. Sometimes I think that parents just want to protect or they care to much which is why they control, but it does not make it right.I think that if more parents lived by the philosophy there would be a lot more mature children in the world, because they would have been learning how to make hand things to their kids and plant their own views in their kids head, they do not let experience and question life so they never really get to grow, then when they are on their own they go crazy because they never had the chance to learn. I really liked this article, it really did make me think quite a bit and think about things my parents did and things that I would like to do in the future.

Top 10 Obsolete Grammar Rules - by Guest Blogger Steven Sawyer

Top 10 Obsolete Grammar Rules - by Guest Blogger Steven Sawyer Article by Steven Sawyer. Edited by Brenda Bernstein, The Essay Expert Following The Essay Expert’s post about using the â€Å"singular they,† some writers in one of my LinkedIn groups were talking about breaking English grammar rules. Several of us spent a few hours discussing the merits, or de-merits, of using â€Å"they† as a singular pronoun. We were essentially divided into two camps:   purists, who would never break a time-honored English grammar rule, and progressives, who know all the rules – and delight in breaking them.   By the end of the heated discussion, purists were still purists and progressives remained progressive. Purists love the predictability of our language and the grammar rules that govern it. They still remember how to diagram a sentence.   They can spot a dangling modifier at 50 yards and pick out a subject-verb agreement error faster than you can say â€Å"comma splice.† If you went to their houses you might find that they iron their underwear and alphabetize the canned foods in their pantry. (I know a couple of purists who do that.) Progressives, on the other hand, believe that breaking rules connects writers with the masses, who stopped thinking about grammar rules decades ago. (If you dont believe me just ask any passerby to locate the verb in a sentence.) Just last year, a group of Ivy League English language purists lobbied to have â€Å"Thou shalt not break English grammar rules† added as the 11th commandment. But language mavens, dictionary writers and even influential linguists are relaxing many writing standards. Some experts are equating this usage shift to the Great Vowel Shift that took place in England in the 15th century. So, my Purist grammar friends, what will you do? Will you suck it up and go with the changes in the language as they evolve?   Or are you determined to maintain pristine prose? Its really okay if purists remain purists. I believe theyll dwindle over time until they become an extinct species, but they do have their place in our culture today. Purists, heres what youre going to have to swallow if you want to keep pace with our ever changing language. Top 10 Obsolete Or Seldom Enforced Grammar Rules Don’t split infinitives. Who would want to shamelessly do that anyway? Active voice verbs are preferable to passive voice verbs. I will never part with this one. I have  encrypted  this rule in my memory’s hard drive. Passive voice will forever be stricken from my writing. That makes me a purist for this rule only. Never start a sentence with â€Å"And† or â€Å"But.† And why not? It gets easier every time you do it. See 5th paragraph, second sentence. Never start a sentence with â€Å"There is† or â€Å"There are.† There are many occasions when starting a sentence with â€Å"There is† or â€Å"There are† is perfectly acceptable. Boring, perhaps, but acceptable. E.g., There is more Canadian bacon in the United States than in Canada. It would be difficult to change the wording in that sentence without starting with â€Å"There is†. Never end a sentence with a preposition. Now that’s a rule we can all live without. Always use â€Å"more than† instead of â€Å"over† with numbers. Okay. Whatever. Math’s not my gig. But truly, either one is acceptable use today. So, purists, get over it. Data is plural, so the verb must always be plural. So data is what data does? Or data are what data do? If they say so. Anyone with a good ear for English knows the answer to this one. Don’t start a sentence with â€Å"This.† The grammar gurus now say that you can start a sentence with â€Å"This.†Ã‚   But (Ooops, there I go, breaking rule 3. See how easy that was?)   I believe that [practice] is okay and this [guideline] is perfectly acceptable. Don’t use â€Å"free† as an adjective.   E.g., â€Å"Can I get that laptop free?†Ã‚   Nay, nay, writing comrades. That’s purist speak. Feel free to use â€Å"for free.† E.g., â€Å"Can I get that laptop for free?† Don’t use â€Å"fun† as an adjective.   You purists make me giddy.   You’ve always used â€Å"fun† as a noun.   E.g., â€Å"We had fun at the game today.† But we progressives like to use it as an adjective. â€Å"It was a fun weekend reunion with my family.† English is an evolving language. A new word gets added to the language every 98 minutes, according to the Global Language Monitor. That’s 14.7 words per day.   As words get added, usage rules undergo changes as well. Will you adopt the new â€Å"rules† of grammar? Your answer determines which camp you’re in. Steven Sawyer is a blogger, author, editor and online English teacher and writing consultant.   Read his blog at https://stevensawyer.wordpress.com/. Category:Grammar Writing TipsBy Brenda BernsteinMay 15, 2011 14 Comments Penelope J. says: May 18, 2011 at 4:28 pm The above post on progressives vs. purists was both fun and enlightening. I agree that in some cases, we have to be open to change rather than stick to the more correct language usage. I agree with the above comment. Using Where you at? and got instead of have (or in many cases, buy) have become widely acceptable, but I cringe every time I hear them uttered. Things like/such as What you got? really get (to) me. Anyway, what does get to me actually mean? Also, using a word to express the opposite feeling, You kill me or Thats a killer has become the norm rather than the exception and is taken to excruciating heights on programs that my grandchildren watch such as American Idol. But the English language is evolving and devolving to such an extent that, at 14.7 new words a day, purists must be having a hard time making or expecting others to stick to the rules. However, is it too much to ask that some rules not be broken such as misuse of verb tense and pronouns? Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: May 31, 2011 at 11:45 am Penelope, Im so glad you mentioned Where you at! When living in Brooklyn, if I were asking for directions on the street I would always say Do you know where such-and-such street is at? Im also guilty of using got instead of have. Its funny the things that still bug me, vs. the things Ive adopted. Im sure these things differ for each of us. Fun as an adjective still grates on my nerves. And I dont think its too much to ask to keep some rules in place but whos to decide which ones? I certainly have my opinions! Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: May 31, 2011 at 12:00 pm Thanks Lynn. We all have our own pet peeves dont we? Mine are different from yours! (And lets not even start on different from/different than.) I have articles on its/its and lose/loose which I invite you to read and share! https://theessayexpert.com/blog/2011/05/31/the-day-my-dad-didnt-make-it-home-from-work-by-marianne-worley-business-writing-consultant-at-the-essay-expert/ and https://theessayexpert.com/blog/2009/09/13/common-spelling-mistakes-lose-vs-loose/ respectively. Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: June 13, 2011 at 3:57 pm Thanks for your comment Rick. I agree! Log in to Reply Marion Suarez says: June 3, 2012 at 1:29 pm I feel as though proper usage of fewer/ less is almost entirely obsolete. I cant find anyone who still understands the distinction or honors it. Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: June 3, 2012 at 3:34 pm Thanks for your comment Marion. Its funny, I see 10 Items or Fewer now in many grocery stores, and I almost want them to change it back to the wrong way! Log in to Reply Mary Kent says: August 30, 2016 at 12:25 am Should we follow the rules regarding using the possessive form of nouns and pronouns with gerunds or is it a truly lost cause? Log in to Reply Brenda Bernstein says: September 2, 2016 at 10:20 pm Great question Mary! Ive been fighting for this one since I learned the rule at the age of eight. Im terrified by the number of times people correct me on this point when I am using correct grammar! Log in to Reply John T Mon says: August 7, 2017 at 11:02 pm Im mid-60s and I always wonder what happened to the use of A and An? Log in to Reply Brenda Bernstein says: August 8, 2017 at 6:55 am Do mean in spoken speech, John? It does seem like a lot of people say a when an would be grammatically correct. Log in to Reply Rebecca says: June 4, 2018 at 11:43 am I’m not a pure purist! Quirky, and especially regional, â€Å"impurities† make such entertaining conversation and writing. Still, why has the subjective compound pronoun become so accepted when used in the objective case? In speaking, I realize we all get tripped up, but I’ve seen it in writing and heard it from journalists. Log in to Reply Brenda Bernstein says: June 4, 2018 at 1:15 pm I’m right there with you, Becky. Drives me up a wall and the correct grammar seems so logical. Thanks for your comment! Log in to Reply Susan says: June 29, 2019 at 6:50 am The increased misuse of I and me when referring to another person and oneself is my beef. I am now hearing even professional speakers such as news announcers, pastors, etc. making statements such as, The taxi picked up my friend and I. In fact, I came across this article when again doing a search to see if this rule has changed. Log in to Reply Brenda Bernstein says: June 29, 2019 at 10:05 am Im with you, Susan. What did you find? Anyone saying the rule has changed? I think its more that very few people understand correct usage. Log in to Reply

Hyperkalemia or High Potassium

Hyperkalemia or High Potassium Hyperkalemia breaks down to mean  hyper-  high;  kalium, potassium;  -emia, in the blood or high potassium in the blood. Potassium in the bloodstream is the K ion, not potassium metal, so this illness is one type of electrolyte imbalance. The normal concentration of the potassium ion in blood is 3.5 to 5.3 mmol or milliequivalents  per  liter  (mEq/L). Concentrations of 5.5 mmol and higher describe hyperkalemia. The opposite condition, low blood potassium levels, is termed hypokalemia. Mild hyperkalemia typically isnt identified except through a blood test, but extreme hyperkalemia is a medical emergency that can result in death, usually from heart arrhythmia. Hyperkalemia Symptoms The symptoms of elevated potassium are not specific to the condition. Mainly the effects are on the circulatory and nervous system. They include: weaknessmalaiseheart palpitationshyperventilation Causes of Hyperkalemia Hyperkalemia results when too much potassium is taken into the body, when cells massively release potassium into the bloodstream, or when the kidneys cant properly excrete potassium. There are numerous causes of hyperkalemia, including: kidney diseasediabetes (leading to nephropathy)medications that affect urination (NSAIDS, diuretics, antibiotics, etc.)diseases associated with a mineralocorticoid deficiencymassive blood transfusionany major tissue damage, whether it be from injury (burns, serious wounds) or medical treatment (notably chemotherapy)excessive dietary intake of potassium-rich foods (e.g., salt substitute, bananas)intentional hyperkalemia as the last step of lethal injection, to disrupt and stop the heart Not that its highly unusual for a person with ordinary kidney function to overdose on potassium from foods. Excess potassium resolves itself if the kidneys are able to process an overload. If the kidneys are damaged, hyperkalemia becomes an ongoing concern. Preventing Hyperkalemia In some cases, its possible to prevent potassium buildup by limiting dietary intake of potassium-rich foods, taking diuretics, or ending a medication that causes a problem. Hyperkalemia Treatment Treatment depends on the cause and severity of hyperkalemia. In a medical emergency, the goal is to shift the potassium ion from the bloodstream into cells. Injecting insulin or salbutamol temporarily lowers serum potassium levels.

The Success of Business Enterprise Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Success of Business Enterprise - Term Paper Example This business is deemed that there are sites of work namely; in Birmingham and in Worthing as its factory sites and factory manufacturing contact lenses in Surrey. In this kind of set-up, we are aware that there are three branches in this business and with this we will now have the idea that the operation is subdivided into three sites and with this, it is a fact though these factories do perform almost the same kind of operation and produce the same kind of products the geographical separation of these factories and outlets can make a difference. Â   Â   Â   Â   Â  In this scenario, the three establishments should perform the same and should have uniformities with regards to the operation. This could be possible in recording the files, statistics and medical record of the patients in order to ensure the uniformity of operations in these places. We will now assume that these three are branches and should render the same services in their proximity. Â   Â   Â   Â   In order to ensure the uniformity of the operations of the said establishments under the business name Custom Eyes rendering the same services in different areas, the entries and the documentation of the patients and costumes should have the same entries and therefore should contain general information about patients and clients. In this case, the information that these branches should obtain must include names, addresses, medical records and similar information needed to assess the patient/client. Â   Â   Â   Â   Â  In doing this, we might be able to ensure that the record keeping of these branches are the same and the optometrists that are attending to the costumes would have the same performance as the information that they deal with would be the same. Of course, functional requirements should also be present in this kind of business. For example, the competencies of the optometrists should be looked into in order to ensure the capability and the quality of services rendered. Also, the functional requirement of the equipment should also be present in this kind of business.

Politics International Security Why did North Korea aquire Nuclear Essay

Politics International Security Why did North Korea aquire Nuclear Weapns - Essay Example From the start, a state that would become a nuclear-armed state would begin with a nuclear-energy program. Then on and on, after acquiring the capability and material to produce energy, that state would proceed, secretly or clandestinely, to produce other materials to produce nuclear weapons. A question maybe asked here: is there a precise reason why states want to acquire nuclear weapons Or is it the ambition of non-nuclear power states to acquire nuclear weapons or become nuclear-powered states Erich Marquardt (2003) in his Asia Times on-line article - Why states want nuclear weapons - has this intriguing thesis: When a state acquires nuclear weapons, the cost of invading that state increases, making it more difficult and expensive for the invader to gain a military edge. There are a number of examples to connect with this statement. ... Since Iraq did not yet have nuclear weapons in 1981, Israel was able to launch a successful military strike on the Iraqi nuclear reactor without the fear of a powerful retaliation. (Marquardt, 2003) Iraq then hastened to develop nuclear weapons to increase its leverage with their rivals Iran and Israel. Acquiring nuclear weapons would make it much more difficult for rival states to threaten or attack Iraq. This could be the reason why, according to Marquardt, the Ba'ath Party leadership was unwilling to allow United Nations weapons inspectors complete access to every part of Iraq. The ambiguity surrounding its weapons program could have theoretically increased Baghdad's foreign-policy negotiating power. (Marquardt, 2007) In the same manner, Marquardt relates, North Korea is sending confusing signals regarding its nuclear program to the U.S. or the outside world regarding its nuclear program, the purpose of which is "likely to create the perception that North Korea is possibly a nuclear-armed state" because US President George Bush is opt for a "regime change" in Pyongyang. As long as powerful rival states, such as the United States and Japan, are unclear about North Korea's nuclear program, they will have to be careful before deciding to take military action against that country (Marquardt, 2007). In this case Bush and his military would have second thoughts of attacking North Korea. Siegfried S. Hecker, researcher at the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University says that the October 9, 2006 nuclear test and the subsequent DPRK's Feb. 10, 2005 announcement of having manufactured nuclear weapons, make it much more difficult to convince the DPRK to give up its nuclear weapons. Nuclear-armed states work to

Of mice and men Comparison Essay Example for Free

Of mice and men Comparison Essay Of mice and men by John Steinbeck- Consider the character of crooks. How does he contribute to our understanding of the society in which he lives? This essay will answer the question above. I will be looking at the character Crooks and the society and the racial issues at that time. I will also look into the American dream of the majority. John Steinbeck was born in 1902 in Salinas, California, and many of his novels are set in this part of America. Before his career as a writer began, Steinbeck worked as a construction labourer and a caretaker. His first novel Cup of Gold was published in 1929. Of Mice and Men was published in 1939. He died at the age of 66 in 1968. In this paragraph, I will describe the character of Crooks and some of the difficulties faced by the racial minority. Crooks is a Black-American who stands out to the other ranch-men. He has a crooked back, where he has been kicked by a horse. He is known by many names, like the stable-buck negro or nigger. In the time where Crooks was living, Americans treated the Black-Americans very differently because they were niggers. The black people where not allowed in white areas, even though it wasnt a law, it was made this way, but there where laws of the segregation of the black and white people. In the ranch, it was exactly the same, Crooks wasnt allowed in the other ranch peoples bunk house to play blackjack or rummy I aint wanted in the bunk-house and you aint wanted in my room (page 72). He just had to sleep in the barn by himself; he had no rights, except the choice of invitation of his room. He is only allowed to play horse shoes with the other ranch workers because he is so good at it. Although C1rooks is part of the lowest chain of respect, he knows himself as a proud aloof man; he doesnt care what the others say about him. As Crooks is the only black man in the ranch, he has no rights at all, he didnt even have an identity, he was known as Crooks because his real name was not important to the ranch workers. Ku Klux Klan is the name of a number of past and present organisations in America that believed in white supremacy, anti-Semitism, racism and anti-Catholicism. These organisations promoted violence and terrorism, sometimes intimidation like burning a cross. The Klan was founded 1866, it mainly focused on intimidating people, but rapidly adapted to violent methods. This is what happens to crooks as he becomes intimidated and abused by other ranch workers. . A quick reaction set in as the Klans leader left, by the early 1870s. Crooks had a book in his room called the California Civil Code, this tells him what rights he has and what rights he doesnt have, he does this so he can avoid being lynched. Every American worker has an American dream, the base of this is respect the people working in the ranch want to have their own ranch, people working for them and some nice crops. Crooks dream is to be treated equally, and to be respected. Candy wants to relax for his last few years and seeks the opportunity in George and Lennies dream which is to have a big vegetable patch and a rabbit-hutch and some chickens (page 15), Curleys wife wants to star in the movies, wear nice clothes and be rich. All their dreams are quite similar as they all want something for their own and also respect. What Crooks really wants is equality; he wants to be treated as another human being and not differently and to have friends. I tell ya a guy gets too lonely an he gets sick. (Page 77) There are many characters that have disabilities in the story, these people are: Crooks, Candy, Lennie and Curleys wife, these people are affected in their own way. Crooks disability is none other than being black and his crooked back, he has to have his own room in the smelly, cramped barn, and he cannot go to the bunk house and play rummy with the white characters. Lennie has a mental disability which makes him different from the other characters because he still has a mind of a child; this affects him as the others underestimate him. Curleys wife is the only female at the barn, she cannot do the things the boys can do, she is also controlled by Curley as she is a woman because men had more power than women in the past, this mean that she couldnt do what she wanted to do. Candy has the disadvantage of being old, the other guys think that he is useless, he stays behind and cleans up the bunk house, he has also lost a hand which makes that others think of him more useless. This shows us that he is not the only one which is different to the ranch workers. Crooks contributes to our understanding of the society of which he lives by showing us how he lives in separation and inequality, he cannot do any of the things that the white people do, he doesnt even sleep in the same place as them as they think he stinks. The also refer to him as the nigger because he is not respected enough to be called by he real name.